文档介绍：英汉语段的对比与翻译
汉语(流散型)
英语(聚集型)
1. 不求句子结构形式齐整,词组可以相对独立地使用,语流疏散。
,词组不能独立使用,语流组织严谨。
,重内在联系,不求形式连接“天衣无缝”;隐含化增加了词组、句子联接的自由度。
,重形式规范;同时也不排斥意合。词组与句子不能随意联接。
3. 流散的效果也来自主语的承接力。汉语主语的承接力很强:一次出现后即可以在后续句中隐含。
3. 英语主语的承接力很有限:必须每句都用主语,第一次出现以后,后续句也必须用代词承接。
4. 汉语语段流散与句中动词无形态约束很有关系。汉语句中动词用原形(词根)。不能为上下文提供形式(主与从、主动与被动等等)的约束性语法符号信息。
4. 英语语段聚集与句中动词有形态变化很有关系。英语动词形态可以为上下文提供相互约束的语法依据和递归线索,加强了语段内在的组织性。
5. 流散型扩展由于缺乏形式约束很难实现反逆(后置)和拆离(插入、破折)。语序成了保持行文紧密连接的重要手段。音律功能得以加强。
5. 聚集型扩展由于有形式约束而无碍于叙述上的反逆和拆离。英语语段在扩展中由于有大量后置成分、插入成分而在结构上很有起伏、跌宕及倒叙等等。
阿Q没有家,(他)住在本庄的土谷祠里;(他)也没有固定的职业,只给人家做短工,(人家叫他)割麦(他)便割麦,(人家叫他)舂米(他)便舂米,(人家叫他)撑船(他)便撑船。
Ah Q had no family but lived in the Tutelary God’s temple at Weichuang. He had no regular work either, simply doing odd jobs for others: if they asked him to cut wheat he would cut it; if they asked him to grind rice or punt a boat he woud do that for them.
2. When the day broke, it blew harder and harder. I had been in Yarmouth(雅茅斯) when the seamen said it blew great guns, but I had never known the like of this, or anything approaching to it. We came to Ipswitch(伊普斯维契)---very late, having had to fight every inch of ground since we were ten miles out of London; and found a cluster of people in the market–place, who had risen from beds in the night, fearful of falling chimneys.( Charles Dickens)
破晓的时候,风愈刮愈厉害。我过去在雅茅斯听航海的人们说,狂风如大炮,但是我从来不曾见过这样的风,或任何与此相近的风。我