文档介绍：纯策略同时博弈I:离散策略
Simultaneous-Move Games
with Pure Strategies I:
Discrete Strategies
第4章
Chapter 04
内容提要 Outline
博弈描述:博弈表 Depicting
simultaneous-move games - Game table
纳什均衡:概念及求解 Nash Equilibrium
优势策略 Dominance
最优反应分析 Best-response analysis
最小化最大(零和博弈)Minimax method for
zero-sum games
扩展 Extensions
三人博弈 Three players
多重均衡 Multiple equilibria
无均衡(纯策略下) No equilibrium (in pure
stttrategi i)es)
Slide 2
同时博弈
Simultaneous-Move Games
在博弈中,如果参与者必须在不知道对手如何选择的
情况下行动,该博弈就是同时行动的。
Games are said to have simultaneous moves if
playersinformation must move without knowledge of what
their rival have chosen to do .
参与者恰在同一时间行动;
Players choose their actions at exactly the same time;
或者,孤立行动,也就是没有关于其他参与者已经或即将行
动的信息,即不完美信息(知识)。
or, in isolation, with no information about what other
players h ave d one or w ill d o, i .e., games of iftimperfect
or imperfect knowledge.
Slide 3
同时博弈
Simultaneous-Move Games
例子 Examples:
商业决策 Business decisions
投票选举 Voting in elections
罚点球 Penalty kick
Slide 4
策略与行动
Strategies and Actions
策略是行动的一个完整计划。
A strategy is plete plan of action .
但是,在纯粹的同时博弈中,每个参与者都最
多只有一次行动的机会。
But, in a purely simultaneous move
g,game, each p pylayer can have at most one
opportunity to act.
因此在策略和行动之间没有实质区别。
Therefore there is no real distinction
between strategy and action.
Slide 5
混合策略与纯策略
Mixed and Pure Strategies
只有一个复杂的问题
However, there is only one
complication ……
策略可以是基于起初界定的基本行动之上的一
个概率选择。此谓混合策略。
A strategy can be a probabilistic choice
from the basic actions initially specified,
which is called a mixed strategy.
这些起初界定的基本行动就是纯策略。
These basic actions initially specified
are called pure strategies.
Slide 6
离散和连续策略
Discrete and Continuous Strategies
在许多博弈中,每个参与者只有有限可数的纯策略可
供供择选择。
In many games, each player has available to
her a finite number of discrete pure strategies.
例如,篮球中的运球、传球或投篮。
., Dribble, Pass, or S