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Structural Systems to resist lateral loads
Commonly Used structural Systems
With loads measured in tens of thousands kips, there is little room in the design of high-rise buildings for plex thoughts. Indeed, the better high-rise buildings carry the universal traits of simplicity of thought and clarity of expression.
It does not follow that there is no room for grand thoughts. Indeed, it is with such grand thoughts that the new family of high-rise buildings has evolved. Perhaps more important, the new concepts of but a few years ago have monplace in today’ s technology.
Omitting some concepts that are related strictly to the materials of construction, the monly used structural systems used in high-rise buildings can be categorized as follows:
Moment-resisting frames.
Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames.
Shear walls, including steel plate shear walls.
Tube-in-tube structures.
Tube-in-tube structures.
Core-interactive structures.
Cellular or bundled-tube systems.
Particularly with the recent trend toward plex forms, but in response also to the need for increased stiffness to resist the forces from wind and earthquake, most high-rise buildings have structural systems built up binations of frames, braced bents, shear walls, and related systems. Further, for the taller buildings, the majorities posed of interactive elements in three-dimensional arrays.
The method bining these elements is the very essence of the design process for high-rise buildings. binations need evolve in response to environmental, functional, and cost considerations so as to provide efficient structures that provoke the architectural development to new heights. This is not to say that imaginative structural design can create great architecture. To the contrary, many examples of fine architecture have been created with only moderate support from the structural engineer, while only fine structure, not great architecture, can be developed without the genius and th