文档介绍：EnvironResourceEcon(2009)43:231–-008-9236-·:21July2007/Accepted:20September2008/Publishedonline:12October2008©SpringerScience+-intensiveindustriestotheextentthattheyrelocatetocountrieswithlessstrin-gentregulation,turningthosecountriesinto“pollutionhavens”?Wetestthishypothesisusingpaneldataonoutwardforeigndirectinvestment(FDI),-,weproposeadifferenceestimatorbasedontheleastpollutingindustrytobreakthepossiblecorrelationbetweenenvironmentalregulatorystringencyandunobserv-ableattributesofFDIrecipientsinthecross-·Congestioneffects·Environmentalregulation·Foreigndirectinvestment·Germanmanufacturing·Paneldata·PollutionhavensJELClassificationF18·F23·petitivenessofpollution-(B)DepartmentofEconomics,UniversidadCarlosIIIdeMadrid,CalleMadrid,126,28903Getafe(Madrid),Spaine-mail:******@,DukeUniversity,Durham,,,turningthosecountriesinto“pollutionhavens”?Thisquestionhasbeenthematterofavigorousandcontroversialpolicydebateforyears,anditcontinuestobeofcentralinteresttopolicymakers,publicsectoreconomists,,theissuehasreceivedattentioninthecontextofassessingtheenvironmentalimpactsofinternationaltradeagreementssuchasNAFTAandtheWTO,andinbr