文档介绍：1. 动词不定式
2. v-ing(现在分词和动名词)与
v-ed(过去分词)
3. 非谓语动词的用法比较
Grammar Review2
时态主动形式被动形式
一般时 to write to be written
进行时 to be writing
完成时 to have written to have been written
完成进行时 to have been writing
不定式的形式变化(以write为例)
不定式的一般式、进行式、完成进行式或完成式:
将不定式表示的动作所发生的时间与句子谓语表示的动作(状态)所发生的时间进行对比,可将不定式分成以下四种形式。
1. 动词不定式
一般式:
表示不定式的动作与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或在它之后发生。
Who heard him say that?
(几乎同时发生)
They arranged to start early.
(后于谓语发生)
2) 进行式:
表示主谓的动作发生时,不定式的动作正
在进行。
① They are said to be building another bridge
across the river.
② They seem to be getting along quite well.
③ He pretended to be listening attentively.
3)完成进行式:
表示不定式的动作在谓语表示的时间之前一直在进行。
① The struggle was known to have been going on for over twenty years.
② We are happy to have been working
with you.
注:
①不定式的完成式常用作主语补足语(如例1和例3),也用于“be+形容词”之后作表示原因的状语(如第2句)
②不定式的完成式位于表示愿望、意图的及物动词如:expect, wish, suppose, plan, intend, hope, want, mean 或动词 be 之后可表示过去曾打算做而实际没有做到的事情。
I meant to have telephoned. but I forgot.
我本来想打电话的,但我忘了。
He was to have been the ambassador, but he fell ill. 他本来是要出任新任大使的,但他病倒了。
动词不定式有主动态及被动态之分,当不定式的逻辑主语是该不定式所表示的动作的执行者时,该不定式用主动态;当不定式的逻辑上的主语是该不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,该不定式用被动态。
被动态不定式可在句中充当如下一些语法作用:
不定式的被动态
Is it possible for our hopes to be realized ?
(作主语)
She hated to be flattered . (奉承)
(作宾语)
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
(作宾语补足语)
The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. (作主语补足语)
There are a lot of things to be done.(作定语)
She was too young to be assigned such work.
(作状语)