文档介绍:该【人参总皂苷对后肢悬吊大鼠奖励性操作式条件反射能力的保护作用 】是由【学习一点新的东西】上传分享,文档一共【10】页,该文档可以免费在线阅读,需要了解更多关于【人参总皂苷对后肢悬吊大鼠奖励性操作式条件反射能力的保护作用 】的内容,可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能,选择自己适合的文档,以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字,如需要获得完整电子版,请下载此文档到您的设备,方便您编辑和打印。416?DONGLijinchuan,etal./DigitalChineseMedicine6(2023)416-425ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectDigitalChineseMedicinejournalhomepage:ed?Protectiveeffectsofginsengtotalsaponinsonreward-directedoperantconditioninginhindlimbsuspensionratsDONGLijinchuana?,CHENYinga?,HUQinb,BAOYuc,PANRuilec,ZENGGuirongd,PENGBoa,LIUXinminc,e*,SHIZhef*,ChinaAcademyofChineseMedicalSciences,Beijing100700,,BeijingUniversityofTechnology,Beijing100124,,PekingUnionMedicalCollege&ChineseAcademyofMedicalSciences,Beijing100193,&HunanProvincialResearchCenterforSafetyEvaluationofDrugs,Changsha,Hunan410331,,NingboUniversity,Ningbo,Zhejiang315000,&KeyLaboratoryforQualityEvaluationofBulkHerbsofHunanProvince,HunanUniversityofChineseMedicine,Changsha,Hunan410208,China?ARTICLEINFOABSTRACT?Articlehistory?Objective?Toexplorethe?therapeuticeffectsofginsengtotalsaponins(GTSs)?Fifty?specificpathogen-free(SPF)maleWistarratswererandomizedintocontrol,Availableonline25December2023??hindlimbsuspension(HLS),?HuperzineA?(HLS-),low-doseGTSs?(HLS-GTSsKeywords100mg/kg),andhigh-doseGTSs?(HLS-GTSs200mg/kg)groups,pletionGinsengtotalsaponinstimeofreward-,theothersWeightlessnesssimulationweresubjectedtoHLSandtreatedwithdrugs(day20–58),receivedreflextestunderthecon-Learningandmemoryditionofrewarding,andunderwentNisslbodystainingandWesternblotdetectiononhip-Reward--Methyl-D-asparticacidreceptorsResults?Aftermodeling,ratsinHLSgroupexhibitedareductioninthenumberofleverpress-pletiontimeofthereward-directed?operantconditioningtask?Ⅰ?(P<)?paredwiththecontrolgroup,whichwerenotsubstantiallyal-teredintheHLS-GTSs100and200mg/kggroups(P>).Inthereward-directed?operantconditioningtask?Ⅱ,theHLSgroupratsdemonstratedamarkeddecreaseinthenumberofleverpresses(P<)andnosepokes(P<)paredwiththecontrolgrouprats;theHLS-GTSs100mg/kgshowedasignificantincreaseinthenumberofleverpressesandnosepokes(P<),whiletheHLS-GTSs200mg/kgdemonstratedasignificantreductionincompletiontimeandanelevationinthenumberofleverpresses(P<)?,theHLSgroupratsshoweddecreaseintheindexesofthevisualsignaldiscrimination(P<),whileHLS-GTSs100and200mg/kggroupsexhibitedmanifestincreaseinit(P<).Inrewardextinctionexperiment,thenumberofleverpressesinHLSratssignificantly?Theauthorscontributedequally.*Correspondingauthor:SHIZhe,E-mail:******@.LIUXinmin,E-mail:******@.:.:DONGLJC,CHENY,HUQ,-,2023,6(4):416-?,whichpermitsunre-,etal./DigitalChineseMedicine6(2023)416-425Protectiveeffectsofginsengtotalsaponinsoncognitiveimpairment??417paredwiththecontrolgroup(P<);comparedwiththeHLSgroup,HLS-GTSs100and200mg/kggroupsdemonstratedamarkeddescrease?(P<).Theex-pressionsofN-methyl-D-asparticacidreceptor1(NR1)andphosophorylatedN-methyl-D-asparticacidreceptor2B(p-NR2B)proteinsweremarkedlydecreasedinratsintheHLSgroup(P?<<,respectively),whilethatofNR2Bproteinmaintainedthesame(P>).GTSsincreasedtheexpressionlevelsofp-NR2B(P<).Conclusion?plexoperationsbyregu-latingtheNR1/NR2Bphosphorylationpathwaysinrats.?1Introductionconsequencesofoperantconditioningbehaviorstrig-geredbycorrectorincorrectsignals,thetaskhighlightedThedevelopmentofaerospaceindustryhasexpandedtheanimals’conditionedandenhancedoperationalac-short-termspacetravelintomedium-andlong-termtivitiesfollowinghabituation[19].Therefore,theassess-,thisadvancementhasposedconsid-mentofreward-directedinstrumentalconditioningtaskerablestrainonastronaut’sphysicalloadsandcognitivereflexinhindlimbsuspension(HLS)ratscouldoffervalidfunctions[1].Duringthemedium-orlong-termorbitalevidenceforevaluatingtheastronauts'decision-makingflights,astronautswereconstantlyexposedtoamicro-abilityofastronautsintheaerospaceenvironment,andgravityenvironment[2],whichwouldcausephysiologicalprovidemeasuresforbehavioraldetectionofreward-di-stressandresponsessuchasdamagestocardiovascularrectedoperation-,weightlessness-inclucedboneloss,andmuscleratswereobservedtoexhibitimpairmentinoperatingatrophy[3-5].Inaddition,neurologicaldysfunctionwasas-learningandmemory,asindicatedbyamulti-modalandsociatedwithdecreaseddecision-makingability[6].Inthebefore-and-parisonassessmentofrewarding-stateofweightlessness,theastronaut’sbloodrushestodirectedoperatingtasks[20,21].thehead[7],resultinginreducedosmoticpressureintheRenshen(GinsengRadixetRhizoma),aplantfromcerebrovascularcolloid,increasedoverallintracranialtheAraliaceaefamily,isarepresentativeherbintradi-transmuralpressure,andaslightlyimpairedblood-braintionalChinesemedicinewithnootropiceffectsandisbarrier[8,9].Changesinhemodynamicsdisruptmicrocir-knownasthe“kingofherbs”inChina,fromwhichtheculationinthebrain,impactingbothneuralstructureandginsengtotalsaponins(GTSs)[10-12].Along-termexposuretoamicro-studieshavedemonstrateditsefficacyinenhancinggravityenvironmentresultedintheimpairmentinlearn-learningandmemoryabilityinmultipleanimalmodelsingandmemoryability,furtherinfluencingpeoples’ca-withcognitiveimpairment[22,23].Inthetestsconductedonpabilityofdecision-makingintheriskyandtoughspaceHLSrats,itwasfoundthatGTSsalleviatedthelearningmissionsthatrequirehighprecision,henceendangeringandmemoryimpairmentcausedbyHLSusingshuttlethesafetyofspacecrew[11,13].,theresultsofenvironmentexperiencedbyastronauts,thehindlimbofNisslstainingsuggestedthatGTSstreatmentincreasedtheexperimentalanimalsweresuspendedwithhead-thenumberofneuronsinHLSratswithimprovedstruc-downtiltof30°[14].Subsequently,punitivebehavioralturalarrangement[20,24,25].Accordingtopreviousreports,tests,suchastheMorriswatermazeandshuttlebox,twoN-methyl-D-aspartateacid(NMDA)receptor-dependentwidelyrecognizedapproaches,wereemployedforevalu-synapticplasticityplayedanimportantroleintheacqui-atingthelearningandmemoryimpairment[15,16].There-sition,consolidation,andreappearanceofspatialmemo-ward--methyl-D-aspartateacidreceptor1deemedamulti-modalapproachtoevaluatethelearning(NR1)andphosphorylatedN-methyl-D-aspartateacidre-andmemorycapabilitiesofanimals[17],whichwasusedceptor2B(p-NR2B)werereportedtoalsoaffecttheac-tomeasuretheoperation-basedassociativelearningandquisitionandreproductionofanimalmemory[26-28].Thememory[18].Thereward-directedinstrumentalcondition-phosphorylationstateofNR2Bregulatedthesignalingingtaskwasconductedinthisstudytoassessthecapaci-pathwayandmechanismofNMDAreceptorspresentedtyforoperation-[29].TheexpressionlevelsofThistaskfacilitatedtarget-guidedbehaviorandevaluat-NR2Bandp-NR2Bproducedbytheonsetofnervein-prehendingtheflammationandoxidativestressweremarkedlyreduced,causalrelationshipbetweentheirbehaviorsandsubse-signifyingthepathogenesisofcognitivedysfunction[30].-Inthisstudy,themulti-moderewardoperantcondi-nals(light),unconditionalstimulussignals(sugarwater),,etal./DigitalChineseMedicine6(2023)416--Aninfraredphotocell,situatedjustinsidetherecessedpusandtheexpressionofsynapticplasticity-relatedpro-magazine,putercircuitrytorecordteins,includingNR1,NR2B,andp-NR2B,weremeasuredthedurationoftimeeachratspentwithitsheadinthetoelucidatethemodeofactionofGTSsonoperationalmagazine.?associative??limatedfor10dbeforetheexperi-,63ratshadacquiredtherewardop-erantconditioning,?50ofthemperformedsimilarlyandAtotalof70specificpathogen-free(SPF)maleWistarratswererandomlydividedintofivegroups(10ratsineach(7weeksold)withweightrangingfrom200to220gweregroup):(i)controlgroup,withratsreceiveddistilledwa-purchasedfromBeijingCharlesRiverExperimentalAni-tertreatment;(ii)HLSgroup,withratsboundbytapeandpany[SCXK(Jing)2016-0006],andhousedinaironchainhooksinthehindlimb,30°betweentorsoandSPFenvironmentintheInstituteofMedicinalPlants,thefloor,andreceiveddistilledwater;(iii)HLS-HupAChineseAcademyofMedicalSciences[SYXK(Jing)2017-,withHLSrats0020],with12hlighting(8:00am–8:00pm)and12htreatedwithHupA();(iv)HLS-GTSs100anddarkness(8:00pm–8:00am)inalternatives,alongwith200mg/kggroups,,respectively,onceaday[24].ordancewiththePrinciplesofLab-Allanimalswerehousedinseparatecageswithfreeac-oratoryAnimalCare(NationalInstitutesofHealthpubli-cesstowater,exceptduringtheperiodsofcontrolleddi--23,revisedin1996),andreceivedapprovaletaryregulationtomaintain80%–85%oftheirfree-feed--ofMedicinalPlants,ChineseAcademyofMedicalSci-colensuresoptimalperformanceintheoperantcham-ences?[2020(5)032].bers,-(day11–13),andthereward-di-rectedoperantconditioningtaskIwasconductedfor6dTheGTSsusedinthisstudywereobtainedfromtheInsti-(day14–19).ordingtotuteofMedicinalPlants,pletiontime,?theratsreceivedHLS?withoralSciences,China,,administrationofdrugsfor38d(day20–58).?,,,werefoodrestrictedbetween80%–85%,anddouble-bot-,,,(HupA)waspurchasedfromtesting(day1–20andday41–58).?Thereward-directedHenanTailongPharmaceuticalCo.,Ltd.,-operantconditioningtask?Ⅱwasperformedfor3d(dayward-directedinstrumentalconditioningtaskwascon-48–50),andthenthevisualsignaldiscriminationtaskductedinfouroperantchambers(dimensions:30cm×wasperformedfor6d(day51–56).Therewardextinc-33cm×90cm).Thesechambersweredevelopedbythetionexperimentwasperformedfor2d(day57and58);InstituteofMedicinalPlantDevelopment,Chinesefollowingthebehavioraltests,theratsweresacrificedforAcademyofMedicalSciences,andtheChineseAstro-[20].Theoperantsetup?-attenuatedrooms,eachequippedwithtworecessedfoodmagazinesandtwore-(4cmwide,positioned10cmfromthesidewalls).Threecolorlight-emittingdiodesignallightsThismethodpreservestheentirerewarddetectionsta-(red,blue,andyellow)[19].Inthereward-directed?conditioningtask,rats?HLSandoraladministrationFoodrestrictionanddoubleFoodrestrictionanddoublebottlefeedingbottlefeedingDay1111314192041485051565758TheestablishmentGroupingReward-directedoperantRewardextinctionofreward-directedconditioningtaskⅡexperimentconditioningReward-directedoperantVisualsignalconditioningtaskⅠdiscriminationtask?Figure1?TheexperimentdesignprocedureDONGLijinchuan,etal./DigitalChineseMedici