文档介绍：Syntactical Contrast between English and Chinese
英汉句子对比分析
Hypotaxis and Parataxis
形合与意合
汉民族往往借助联想,通过事物间的横向比喻来认识客观存在,这种思维方式注重事物内涵间的横向联系和比类,且又可以不受事物外延上种、属制约,因而逐渐发展成重了悟不重形式论证,轻逻辑、轻实证的思维模式,以及以意驭形的审美范式。
西方思维深受亚里士多德的“三段论”推理模式的影响,具有系统化、组织化和形式化的特点。这种形而上的思想观逐渐形成了以形制意的审美范式。
这些差异表现在语言上便形成了汉语的意合和英语的形合。
所谓意合,指的是词语或分句之间不用连词或语言形态手段,而是靠语义或句间的内在逻辑来实现连接。
①舟摇摇以轻飏,风飘飘而吹衣。问征夫以前路,恨晨光之熹(xi)微。乃瞻(zhan)衡宇,载欣载奔。童仆欢迎,稚(zhi)子候门。(陶渊明《归去来辞》)
②人不犯我,我不犯人;人若犯我,我必犯人。
③堡子里的人没有不对他羡慕的,(因为)眼见着打井如挖金窖,(于是)好多父母提了四色重礼,领着孩子拜师为徒,(但)这井把式,却断然拒绝。(贾平凹《天狗》)
而所谓形合,指的是用连词或语言形态手段把句中的词语或分句连接起来,表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。如:
(4) Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans --- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage---and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always mitted and to which we mitted today at home and around the world.
(John. F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address)
让我们的朋友和敌人同样听见我此时此地的讲话:火炬已经传给新一代美国人。这一代人在本世纪诞生,在战争中受过锻炼,在艰难困苦的和平时期受过陶冶,他们为我国悠久的传统感到自豪——他们不愿目睹或听任我国一向保证的、今天仍在国内外作出保证的人权渐趋毁灭。
因此总体上说,在言语表述上,英语倾向于采用严密的、纯形式逻辑的表述风格,这表现在其注重结构、形式以及对外在连接手段的依赖上;而汉语倾向于采用“字以事增、流水样态”的表述风格,这表现在其注重功能、意义,少用或不用连接手段。
王力曾总结说:
“西洋语的结构好像连环,虽则环与环都联络起来,毕竟有联络的痕迹;中国语的结构好像无缝天衣,只是一块一块的硬凑,凑起来还不让它有痕迹;西洋语法是硬的,没有弹性;中国语法是软的,富于弹性。唯其是硬的,所以西洋语法有许多呆板的要求……;唯其是软的,所以中国语法只以达意为主……”
There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher who weighs out his goods mon scales and the operations of a chemist who performs a difficult plex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights.
科学家的思维活动和普通人的思维活动之间存在着差别,这种差别就跟一个面包师或者卖肉的师傅和一个化验师在操作方法上的差别一样。前者用普通的秤称东西的重量,而后者则用天平和精密砝码进行艰难复杂的分析。其差别不过如此而已。
Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because