文档介绍：Acknowledgements
My paper is plished under Professor Tian Yao’s concentrated guidance. From the topic selection to the writing of thesis proposal, from the outline sketch to the revised draft, Professor Tian has invested a lot of personal effort. In this process, he carefully pointed out the deficiencies in my thesis. His profound professional knowledge, strict attitude in study and mon touch have far-reaching effects on my life. Here I would like to express my high respect and heartfelt gratitude!
The thesis cannot be finished essfully without the help and support of Professor Liu Jianxi. Within the two and half years, her courses always were stimulating and inspiring. The knowledge learned from her “American geography” and “American Politics” has laid a solid basis for the writing of this thesis. I would like to offer my sincere thanks and best wishes!
Last but not least, I am also deeply indebted to all the teachers and students in Tianjin Foreign Studies University and to my dear parents, who have always helped me and supported me when I am in trouble. Here I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to all the teachers and students once again! Thank you!
II
摘要
自美国建国以来,土地的分配与使用一直是美国政府和人民关注的焦点。从最初的鼓励开发到后期的严格保护,美国土地政策也经历了土地私有化、国家初步管理、土地严格保护几个阶段,美国对于土地的保护意识也经历了从无到有的过程。这期间, 美国在政策导向上也走了一些弯路,这些经验和教训对于正在进行土地制度改革的国家具有高度的参考价值和指导意义。
本论文将美国的土地政策演变过程分为三个主要阶段,早期发展阶段(1776 年至 20 世纪初)、觉醒阶段(20 世纪初至 20 世纪 70 年代)和资源保护阶段(20 世纪 70 年代至今)。美国的早期的土地政策制定仍处于探索阶段,土地政策的制定很少注意土地资源的可持续发展和利用;20 世纪前 70 年的土地法律法规已经初步走向了成熟; 1970 年以后,由于土地政策逐渐走向健全,土地管理机构趋于完善,土地管理体系的高效率也显现出来。在此基础上可以总结出美国土地政策发展过程的优势和劣势,以期为世界上的其他正在发展土地保护管理体系以及加强标准制定的国家提供参考。
关键词:土地政策;演变;土地保护;土地保护的启示
III
Since the foundation of the United States in 1776, land allocation and use have always been the focus of the American government and its people. From the initial land development to the strict conservation in the following years, the land policies in the United States have gone through three periods: land allocation to the priva