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A Physicist: Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)
Werner Heisenberg was a German physicist whose ground-breaking work in quantum mechanics transformed our understanding of the microcosm and earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential physicists of the 20th century, and his legacy extends to many fields of science and technology.
Early Life and Education
Heisenberg was born on December 5, 1901, in Würzburg, Bavaria, the son of a prominent academic family. His father was a professor of Greek philology, and his mother was the daughter of a physician. He was the third of five children, and grew up in a cultured and intellectual environment, where music, literature, and science were valued.
Heisenberg showed an early aptitude for mathematics and physics, and was encouraged by his schoolteachers to pursue these subjects. He entered the University of Munich in 1920, at the age of 18, and studied physics, mathematics, and philosophy under some of the most distinguished professors of the time, such as Arnold Sommerfeld, Max Born, and David Hilbert.
He also became involved in the student movement, which was critical of the post-war social and political conditions in Germany. Heisenberg joined a secret society called the Verein für Jugend und Hochschule, which aimed to promote a new sense of national identity and cultural renewal based on spiritual values and scientific progress.
Doctoral Thesis and Early Research
In 1923, Heisenberg completed his doctoral thesis on the topic of turbulence in fluid dynamics, which earned him a magna cum laude degree. The thesis showed his talent for mathematical analysis and experimental observation, and attracted the attention of physicists such as Erwin Schrödinger and Niels Bohr.
Heisenberg went to postdoctoral work at Göttingen University, where he joined the group led by Max Born, who was an expert in quantum mechanics. Born had recently developed a new mathematical and conceptual framework for understanding the behavior of electrons and other particles at the atomic scale, based on the wave-particle duality principle.
Heisenberg was fascinated by this new field of physics, which challenged the classical concepts of causality, determinism, and objectivity. He worked on several problems related to the quantum theory of atoms and molecules, such as the calculation of spectra and the prediction of chemical reactions.
He also collaborated with Born on a paper that proposed a new interpretation of the uncertainty principle, which states that certain pairs of physical quantities, such as position and momentum, cannot be measured with arbitrary accuracy at the same time. The paper argued that the uncertainty was not due to the limitations of the measuring instruments or the observer, but was an inherent feature of the quantum world.
Matrix Mechanics and Nobel Prize
In 1925, Heisenberg made a remarkable breakthrough in his work on quantum mechanics, which would revolutionize the field and make him world famous. He invented a new method of representing the quantum states of particles, based on matrices or arrays of numbers, instead of the traditional wave functions.
This method, known as matrix mechanics, allowed Heisenberg to derive a series of fundamental equations that described the dynamics of particles, the nature of interactions, and the properties of observable quantities. Heisenberg's matrix mechanics was mathematically equivalent to Schrödinger's wave mechanics, which had been developed independently around the same time, but was more concise and abstract.
Heisenberg's matrix mechanics also revealed a new concept of complementarity, which stated that certain pairs of physical observables, such as position and momentum, could not be simultaneously known with arbitrary precision. This principle was more general than the uncertainty principle, and applied not only to measurements, but also to physical properties themselves.
Heisenberg's breakthrough was praised and criticized by his colleagues, and sparked a lively debate that would shape the future of quantum theory. Heisenberg himself acknowledged the conceptual and philosophical implications of his work, and wrote several essays on the subject, such as the \