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被动与积极
Passive vs. Active
（限用被动句）的原因
英语常用被动句的原因
施事的原因
人们体现思想的时候，一般使用积极句。但当积极句的施事(agent) 由于如下的原因而不需要或不也许指明时，英语往往采用被动句：
a. The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged.
凶手已于昨天被捕，听说他将会被绞死。
b. New factories are being built all over the country.
全国到处在兴建工厂。
2. 施事从上下文中可以不言自明
a. Your suggestion has been duly noted.
你的提议已得到及时关注。
b. She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.
她告诉我，她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由，对她的行为没有任何异议，也不许她向女主人申诉。
3. 施事(agent)不如受事(patient)重要，或受事需要强调
His only son was run over by a car.
她的独子被汽车轧了。
有时为了隐去模糊的人称主语（vague pronoun subject），也用被动句：
At the tea party they served only tea and cake.
At the tea party only tea and cake were served.
茶会上只供应茶和饼。
4. 由于特殊原因而不需指明施事，如为了使论述显得圆通、得体，或为了体现某种微妙的情绪（tact or delicacy of sentiment）
Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.
今晚有人在此讲了不该讲的话。
You are cordially invited to join in the celebrations of the May Day Festival on Sunday, May 1st, at 10:00 ., at Zhongshan Park.
五月一曰（星期曰）上午10点在中山公园举行“五一劳动节”庆祝活动，敬请光顾。（出于礼貌、得体）
英语常用被动句的原因
句法的规定
英语重形合，重视句法构造和体现形式。当积极式不便于体现时，出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑，往往采用被动式：
1. 为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接
a. Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called fibres, and these fibres can be make into cloth.
有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维，这种纤维可以用来织布。
b. He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
他出目前台上，观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。
c. Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.
语言受制于思想，又影响思想。
2. 为了使句子平衡，保持末端中心（end focus）和末端重量（end weight），以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的体现习惯
a. I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job.
他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊。
b. It is universally acknowledged that a single man of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
但凡有钱的独身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。
修辞的需要
英语修辞学主张不要过度使用被动句，但合适使用被动句可以使体现措施灵活多变，避免句型单调，达到一定的修辞效果。例如使用被动句可以减少以弥补词“it”、“there”引导的句式，使句子比较干脆、有力。
There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object.
有许多措施可以变换英语“主-动-宾”基本句型。
The basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object can be varied in many ways.
英语“主-动-宾”基本句型可以用许多措施加以变换。
英语常用被动句的原因