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Introduction:
ABO blood type is an inheritable trait that plays a crucial role in human physiology and pathology. The ABO blood group system is determined by the presence or absence of three alleles, namely A, B, and O, on chromosome 9. The ABO blood type is characterized by the presence of specific antigens on red blood cells, which elicit a humoral immune response when antibodies of different specificities are present in the serum. This system has clinical implications in blood transfusions, organ transplantation, and disease susceptibility. Therefore, the accurate determination of the ABO blood type is essential for clinical and research purposes.
Methods:
The ABO blood type is usually determined by serological reactions or DNA-based methods. Serology-based methods rely on the agglutination of red blood cells with anti-A or anti-B antibodies, whereas DNA-based methods involve the detection of specific alleles using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis. The latter method allows for more accurate and rapid genotyping of ABO alleles than serology-based methods. Moreover, the DNA-based method can detect rare alleles that are not detected by serology-based methods.
Results:
To simplify the ABO genotyping method, a PCR-based assay was developed that amplifies exons 6 and 7 of the ABO gene and detects the A, B, and O alleles using melting curve analysis. This method has a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and can detect rare alleles. Additionally, the multiplex PCR-based method can detect other clinically relevant blood group systems, such as Rh, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd. The PCR assay is cost-effective and can be performed in less than 3 hours.
To analyze the ABO allele frequency in different populations, population-genetic studies have been conducted worldwide. These studies provide insights into the evolutionary history of the ABO system and its health implications. The ABO allele frequencies vary among populations, and some populations have a higher frequency of rare alleles.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, a PCR-based assay has been developed that simplifies the ABO genotyping method and can detect rare alleles. Moreover, population-genetic studies have expanded our understanding of the ABO blood group system and its health implications. Accurate and rapid ABO genotyping is crucial for blood transfusions, organ transplantation, and disease susceptibility. The simplified ABO genotyping method can facilitate the routine clinical and research use of ABO blood type determination.