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黑色素瘤（melanoma）：别名：黑色素细胞瘤，色素病，脱疽，厉疽；是由异常黑素细胞过分增生引发常见皮肤肿瘤，恶性程度极高，占皮肤肿瘤死亡病例极大个别。多发生于皮肤或靠近皮肤黏膜，也见于软脑膜和脉络膜。其发病率随人种、地域、种族不一样而存有所差异，白种人发病率远较黑种人高，居住在澳大利亚昆士兰州白种人其发病率高达17/10万。我国虽属黑色素瘤低发区，但多年来发病率却呈不停上升趋势。
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braf基因：是一个癌基因，位于染色体7q34，与鸟类c-Rrnil原癌基因同源，属于由raf-1、araf和braf组成raf基因家族，编码一个67000~99 000丝／苏氨酸蛋白激酶(BRAF蛋白)，后者即MAPK激酶激酶(MAPKKK)。BRAF在黑素细胞特异丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)路径中起着关键作用，它参加黑素刺激素活化细胞表面黑素皮质激素-1受体，进而参加黑素细胞增殖、分化过程。
Figure 2. Structure of the braf gene, denoting the three conserved regions by thick blue barsThe Ras-GTP binding site is shown, as is the kinase domain. Common oncogenic mutations are denoted by triangles and corresponding amino acid changes.
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Figure 1. The RAS-ERK signaling pathway
The classical RAS-ERK signaling pathway is depicted. Growth factors bind to and activate receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which, through a series of adaptor proteins and exchange factors, stimulate RAS activation. RAS proteins are attached to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. In their active form, they bind to and recruit RAF proteins from the cytosol to the plasma membrane, which is where RAF is activated. RAF then phosphorylates and activates MEK, which in turn phosphorylates and activates ERK. ERK phosphorylates proteins in the cytosol, and it also translocates to the nucleus, where it phosphorylates proteins such as transcription factors. The RTKs, RAS, and RAF are highlighted in red to reflect the fact that they are all mutated in cancer.
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