文档介绍：MBA 联考阅读理解应试教程 A Course of MBA prehension
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第五节 理解文章中的举例与引用
为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确,作者常常使用一些具体的实例(包括比喻),或引用名人名言、论断或他人的发现。
作者的目的是借以说明自己的观点。
试题设计者往往以此设计问题,成为提问的焦点。
[例21] 2002年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第二篇文章
  Suppose you go into a fruiterer’s shop, wanting an apple – you take up one, and on biting it you find it is sour; you look at it, and see that it is hard and green. You take up another one, and that, too, is hard, green, and sour. The shopman offers you a third; but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour, like those that you have already tried.
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Nothing can be more simple than that, you think; but if you will take the trouble to analyze and trace out into its logical elements that has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprised. In the first place you have performed the operation of induction. You find that, in two experiences, hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness. It was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the second. True, it is a very small basis, but still it is enough from which to make an induction; you generalized the facts, and you expect to find sourness in apples where you get hardness and greenness. You found upon that a general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, so far as it goes, is a perfect induction. Well, having got your natural law in this way, when you are offered another apple which you find it hard and green, you say, “All hard and green apples are sour; this apple is hard and green; therefore, this apple is sour.” That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogism (三段论法), and has all its various parts and terms – its major premises, its minor premises, and conclusion. And, by the help of further reasoning, which, if drawn out, would have to be exhibited in two or three other syllogisms, you arrive a