文档介绍：The Carbon Market:
Practical Solutions for
Reducing Emissions
John Shi, Arreon Carbon
November 7, 2007
@
The Carbon Market
• Worth € billion in 2006
• Transacted 1,632 million tonnes CO2
equiv. in 2006
• Voluntary Markets
– ., CSR schemes, Chicago Climate Exchange
• Obligatory Markets
– . Kyoto Protocol Markets
Voluntary Markets
• Demand generally fueled by CSR schemes,
reducing “carbon footprints”
• Trades project-based verified emissions
reductions (VERs)
• No umbrella regulator, various VER
standards
• Less mature, lower volumes
Obligatory Markets
• Demand generally fueled by Kyoto
Protocol’s greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions caps
• Regulated by national governments and
the United Nations: one standard
• Both cap/trade and project based schemes
in place
• More mature, higher volumes
China’s Involvement: CDM
• Developing countries have no GHG
emissions caps under Kyoto Protocol
• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
established to involve developing countries
– Emissions reducing projects in developing
countries can generate Certified Emission
Reduction (CER) credits
– CERs can be used by developed country
signatories to meet caps
Demand Side Opportunities
Provides options to developed countries that are
mandated to reduce emissions
Reduce GHG emissions
Actual GHG Emissions
in-house
How to
Cap }meet
this gap?
Buy credits generated
from emission reducing
projects (. CDM)
Buy permits from
entities whose GHG
emissions are less
than their cap
Supply Side Opportunities
• Receives revenue in exchange for developing
GHG reducing infrastructure
• Examples of CDM project types applicable in
China:
– Grid connected renewable energy
– Coal mine methane capture and utilization
– Fuel switch (., coal to natural gas)
– Energy efficiency in industrial processes
– Grid connected ultra supercritical coal fired power
generation