文档介绍：1
二有机物的命名
1 烷烃(alkanes)
直链烷烃烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外,其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾(-ane)来命名,10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。
如:甲烷 methane 乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propane
丁烷 butane 戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexane
庚烷 heptane 辛烷 octane 壬烷 nonane
癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二烷 dodecane
2
Alkane = Number prefix-ane
for example:
CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane
CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 Butane
CH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 Hexane
CH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 Octane
CH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane
3
11~19Alkane = Number prefix-decane
for example:
11-alkane Undecane
12-alkane Dodecane
13-alkane Tridecane
14-alkane Tetradecane
15-alkane Pentadecane
16-alkane Hexadecane
17-alkane Heptadecane
4
18-alkane Octadecane
19-alkane Nonadecane
20-alkane Icosane
21~29 Alkane = Number prefix-cosane
for example:
21-alkane Henicosane
22-alkane Docosane
23-alkane Tricosane
24-alkane Tetracosane
25-alkane Pentacosane
5
30-Alkane Triacontane
31~39Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane for example: 31-Alkane Hentriacontane
32-Alkane Dotriacontane
33-Alkane Tritriacontane
34-Alkane Tetratriacontane
35-Alkane pentatriacontane
36-Alkane Hexatriacontane
6
40~90Alkane = Number prefix-contane
for example:
40 Alkane Tetracontane
50 Alkane Pentacontane
60 Alkane Hexacontane
70 Alkane Heptacontane
80 Alkane Octacontane
90 Alkane Nonacontane
100 Alkane Hectane
7
含支链烷烃和烷基
命名含支链的烷烃时,可把它们视为直链烷烃,但分別是某些氢(hydrogen)原子被称为烷基(alkyl groups)的原子取代。命名烷基时,只需把“基”(-yl)字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。
如: CH3- Methyl CH3-(CH2)9-CH2- Undecyl
CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 3- Methylpentane
8
Univalent radicals
Radical = Alk -yl
for example:
CH3- Methyl
CH3CH2- Ethyl
CH3CH2CH2- Propyl
CH3(CH2)2CH2- Butyl
9
Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbon
branched-chain hydrocarbon =
n-Radical+alkane
for example:
10
Univalent branched radicals
Radical = Alk -yl
for example: