文档介绍：Review
[sɪ'nekdəkɪ]提喻
[mɪ'tɒnɪmɪ]借喻
借代
不直接说出某人或某事物的名称,而是借用与其密切相关的名称或其本身的某种属性来称代(吕煦 2004:165)(“换一个说法”)
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.
我所能奉献的别无其他, 只有热血、辛劳、眼泪和汗水。
blood:sacrifice
tears:sympathy
toil and sweat:hard work
Analysis: 这是丘吉尔临危受命时在下议院做的一次经典演讲,充分表明了他反法西斯的坚强决心。演讲以具体的blood,tears,toil 与sweat代替抽象的sacrifice(牺牲), sympathy(同情)与 hard work(辛劳)的使用使语言表达生动、精炼、有力。
借代原则:以具体代抽象
属于metonymy (借喻)
Allusion
Definition: Allusion(用典) is a figure of speech by making references to(提及) well-known persons, things or events that writers assume are familiar to the readers.
Allusion: 将神话、传说、圣经、寓言、童话、历史事件、文学名著中的人物、关键词、词组或句子巧妙地组合在自己的话语里,说明自己要表达的意思或要阐述的问题。
“相见时难别亦难,东风无力百花残。春蚕到死丝方尽,蜡烛成灰泪始干。
晓镜但愁云鬓改,夜吟应觉月光寒。蓬山此去无多路,青鸟殷勤为探看。”
蓬山:是神话、传说中的一座仙山。这里以蓬山用为对方居处的象征,给人的感觉梦幻缥缈,遥不可及。
青鸟:青鸟的典故出于《山海经》,青鸟共有三只,是西王母的随从与使者,它的使命是将吉祥、幸福、快乐的佳音传递给人间。在以后的神话中,它逐渐演变成百鸟之王的凤凰。由于青鸟能够飞越千山万水传递信息,也常常被诗人们借以用做传递爱情的使者。
Main Sources of Allusions in English
1. Greek and Roman mythology
Bible
and American legends
tales
rhymes
and American literature
figures and events
Two Main Sources of Western Culture:
Art & Culture of Ancient Greece & Ancient Rome
Greek mythology: also referred to as Greek myth, is a vital part of Greek art and culture. Roman mythology was inspired by Greek mythology and borrowed heavily from it.
trident(三叉戟)
Mount Olympus(奥林波斯山)
The highest mountain in Greece( 2919m)
The home of twelve Olympian gods(奥林波斯诸神) of ancient Greece
Olympic Games 奥运会
The Twelve Olympian Gods
天神Zeus(宙斯): the god of the sky
天后Hera(赫拉): the goddess of marriage
海神Poseidon(波塞冬): the god of the sea
冥神Hades(哈迪斯): the god the dead and wealth
灶神Hestia(赫斯提亚): the goddess of the hearth(灶台)
战神Ares ['εəri:z](阿瑞斯): the god of war
神使Hermes(赫尔墨斯): the god merce and thieves
火神Hephaestus /hɪˈfaɪstɒs/(赫淮斯托斯): the god of fire
太阳神Apollo(阿波罗): the god of the sun
月神Artemis(阿尔忒弥斯): the goddess of the hunt and the moon
智慧女神Athen