文档介绍:Chapter 7
FOUNDATIONS
OF PLANNING
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Learning Objectives
You should learn to:
Define planning
Explain why managers plan
Describe what role goals play in planning
Distinguish among the different types of plans
Tell how goals are established
Describe the characteristics of well-designed goals
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Learning Objectives (cont.)
You should learn to:
Identify three contingency factors in planning
Explain the approaches to developing plans
Discuss the criticisms of planning
Describe what it takes to effectively plan in a dynamic environment
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What Is Planning?
Planning
involves defining anization’s goals, establishing an overall strategy, and developing prehensive set of plans to integrate and anizational work
informal planning - nothing is written down
little or no sharing of goals
general and lacking in continuity
formal planning - written
defines specific goals
specific action programs exist to achieve goals
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Why Do Managers Plan?
Purposes of Planning
planning is the primary management function that establishes the basis for all other management functions
planning establishes coordinated effort
planning reduces uncertainty
planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities
planning establishes goals and standards used in controlling
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Why Do Managers Plan? (cont.)
Planning and Performance
generally speaking, formal planning is associated with:
higher profits
higher return on assets
quality of the planning process and the appropriate implementation of the plans probably contribute more to high performance than does the extent of planning
external environment may undermine the effects of formal planning
planning/performance relationship is influenced by the planning time frame
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How Do Managers Plan?
The Role of Goals and Plans in Planning
goals - desired es
provide direction for all management decisions
represent the criteria against which actual work plishments can be measured
plans - outline