文档介绍：Comprehending Figurative Language
What is figurative language?
Figurative language is language that means one thing literally but is taken to mean something different.
What is literal language?
Example:
tree
a tree (the literal meaning or the first meaning)
a family tree (the figurative meaning)
Metaphor
Idiom
Metonymy
Proverb
Indirect speech act
Types of Figurative Language
Studies of Figurative prehension
Three Main Theories prehension
Theory
Metaphor Theory
Inclusion Theory
Pragmatic Theory
What is the pragmatic theory?
It is generally held that munication takes place within a context of shared assumptions munication (Bach & Harnish, 1979; Grice, 1975).
The Cooperative Principle: Grice noticed that in daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them.
The Theory of Conversational Implicature
The theory of conversational implicature is proposed by Oxford philosopher Herbert Paul Grice.
conventions
Quantity
Quality
Relation
Manner
语言交际是在对交际做出共享的假定的语境中发生的. 这些隐含的假定可以成为约定(conventions)(Bach & Harnish, 1979; Grice, 1975),Grice 归纳了四条,他称之为准则(maxims), 合起来就是“合作原则”(the cooperative principle)。
Quantity
Make your contribution as informative as is required, but not more informative than is required.
Steven : Wilfred is meeting a women for dinner tonight.
Susan : Does his wife know about it?
Steven : Of course she does. The woman is his wife.
Quality
Try to make your contribution one that is truthful. That is, do not say anything you believe to be false and don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Conversation implictures (会话含蓄性) :
这是一种对质的原则的违反之后产生的效果。例如,夸张(白发三千丈),撒谎等。
text