文档介绍：The US Experience
Controlling SO2 Emissions
In the Power Sector
电力部门控制二氧化硫排放的美国经验
Clean Air Initiative - Asia
Urumqi, China 2006
Peter H. Kokopeli
. Environmental Protection Agency
Clean Air Markets Division
History 历史
In the 1970s, the environmental, social, and economic effects of acid rain in the United States became a major concern to policy makers and the public. This resulted in passage of the Clean Air Act of 1970 and subsequent amendments in 1977 and 1990.
上世纪七十年代,酸雨在美国的环境、社会和经济影响已经成为政策制订者和民众的主要关注对象。这导致了1970年“清洁空气法案”的通过及其1977年和1990年的修订。
美国二氧化硫排放历史
Million Short Tons
大萧条
二战
清洁空气法案
无清洁空气法案
酸雨项目
Researchers linked acid rain to SO2 emissions. By 1990, two thirds of SO2 emissions in the US were from the power sector (‘Utilities’) 科学家认为酸雨的产生与二氧化硫排放有关。1990年以前,美国有三分之二的二氧化硫是电力部门排放的
Three US Approaches to Controlling SO2 Emissions 美国控制二氧化硫排放的主要措施
Standards-based 标准限制
NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards) define attainment and protect human health by setting a limit on SO2 concentration nationwide. New and modified sources must meet technology and performance standards designed to prevent any significant deterioration of air quality. These standards set maximum emission levels and may specify BACT –‘Best Available Control Technology’ for new units. 国家环境空气质量标准规定了全国的二氧化硫浓度限值来保护人民健康。新建和改建的污染源必须满足设计的技术和性能标准来防止空气质量的恶化。这些标准设定了最大排放水平,还可能指定新设备要使用的“最佳可用控制技术”。
Voluntary programs 自愿的项目
Government agencies working with industry to establish 政府和工业部门合作建立
Demand Side Management programs, to encourage consumers to reduce usage during periods of peak demand. Electric utilities are extending time-of-use metering with three different price levels (on-peak, off-peak and intermediate) mercial customers to residential. ‘Smart meters’ display actual cost to the user. 需求方管理项目,来鼓励消费者在需求高峰期减少用量。用电的高峰、低估和中间时期有不同的价格水平。
Energy Conservation measures such as more efficient appliances 节能措施如节能设备
Renewable energy. . EPA is the first US government agency to purchase 100%