文档介绍：摘 要
摘 要
手诏是诏命的一种,它开始出现于秦汉时期,在唐朝逐渐完善,并经过进一步的发展,在北宋时期手诏发展出现新趋势并衍生出一种新的手诏形式——御笔手诏。北宋皇帝手诏是指一般由皇帝亲笔或翰林学士代笔,经过一定的程序颁出执行的行政命令文书。本文开篇介绍了手诏的发展状况,简要叙述了手诏的发展演变历程,尤其对北宋时期手诏发展的新趋势进行了分析。
北宋时期是手诏发展的重要时期。北宋对手诏的起草、颁发以及执行有一整套规定。手诏的适用对象受到严格限制,一般情况下“唯宰臣、亲王、枢密使方降手诏、手书; 自参知政事、枢密副使已下,即无体例”。①但在北宋时期有一些手诏并没有实质性决策功能,而主要用于皇帝对大臣的褒美、切责、咨询等,这种手诏实际是皇帝与大臣一种沟通的手段,所以不受此范围限制。本文通过对手诏文书涵义的分析,阐明手诏与内降等命令文书的区别联系,并对手诏在北宋文书运行体系中的特殊地位进行说明。
北宋皇帝手诏的内容十分广泛,手诏被用于政治、军事、经济、司法等方面,手诏对北宋的朝政运行产生了重大的影响。皇帝是君主专制时期权力的绝对拥有者。北宋皇帝出于维护自身统治的需要,常用手诏表达圣意,通过手诏对中央的决策系统和权力制衡机制的影响,实现对国家的控制,彰显自己与国家的紧密联系。
关键词 手诏 皇权 翰林学士 御笔手诏
①(宋)李焘:《续资治通鉴长编》(以下简称长编) 卷一九六, 嘉祐七年二月癸卯条,中华书局,
2004 年,第 4742 页。
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Abstract
Abstract
Imperial Edict is a kind of orders which was originated in the Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty, and changed in the tang dynasty. After a long time of development, in the northern song dynasty there was a new tendency and therefore appeared a new way of Imperial Edict——Emperor's Autograph Edict. The Imperial Edict of the northern Song Dynasty emperor is a kind of executive order instruments which is written by the emperor himself or the Imperial Academy on his behalf. This paper introduces the development of Imperial Edict, briefly discusses its evolution, and analyzed the new trend of Imperial Edict in the northern Song Dynasty.
The Northern Song Dynasty is an important period for Imperial Edict. It had a set of regulations for the draft, issue and execution of the Imperial Edict. People who could use the Imperial Edict were strictly chosen. Mostly, only the prime minister, the prince and the head of the state security could use it.
But some Imperial Edict in the northern song dynasty did not have the real decision-making function, and is mainly used to praise, condemn and consult the chancellors. This paper explains the differences and connections between the Imperial Edict and issue an imperial edict to appoint, etc. through the analysis the meaning of the Imperial Edict. And this paper also explains the special status of