文档介绍：形容词和副词
形容词可用于作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等;副词也可以作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等。
形容词作定语时的位置
大部分形容词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前面, 如a red bus, a beautiful park, cold weather等,但实际运用时须注意以下情况。
当多个的形容词修饰一个名词时应该注意形容词的一般排列顺序。
“限定词+ 一般描绘性形容词+ 表示大小、长短、高低的形容词+ 表示形状的形容词+ 表示年龄、新旧的形容词+ 表示颜色的形容词+ 表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词+ 表示物质、材料的形容词+ 表示用途、类别的形容词+ 被修饰的名词”例如:
his beautiful small round old brown French wooden writing table
当然,在实际运用中用如此多的形容词修饰一个名词并不多见。
形容词修饰everything, something, anything, nothing时, 只能放在其后面。如:
Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.
I’ve got something important to say.
There is nothing interesting at all.
else只能修饰疑问代词who, whom, whose, what和不定代词something, anything, nothing, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone和nobody, no 。如:
Is there anything else you want to say?
What else do you want?
else与上述疑问代词和不定代词构成所有格时, 只能在else后加's, 而不能在疑问代词或不定代词后加's. 如说someone else's, 而不能说* someone’s else。 who else的所有格有两种形式who else's或whose else例如:
— Is this hat yours?
— Whose else ( =Who else's) could it be ?
enough和nearby作形容词时可放在所修饰的名词前,也可放在其后。如:
a nearby building =a building nearby
We have enough food(=food enough)to last us for a week.(food enough…是旧用法,现在已不常用了。)
貌似副词的形容词
在英语构词法中, 以-ly结尾的词并不是副词,而是形容词。常见的有:e1derly (渐老的, 年龄相当大的), friendly (朋友似的, 友好的), lively (活泼的, 生动的), lonely (孤独的, 寂寞的), lovely (可爱的, 美丽的), orderly (有秩序的,整齐的)等。如:
She gave us a lively lesson yesterday. 她昨天给我们上了一节生动的课。
*She gave us a lesson lively. (误将lively用作副词, 是错句)
应该说: She gave us a lesson in a lively way. 她生动地给我们上一节课。
表语形容词
形容词在句子中的主要作用是作定语、表语和宾语补足语。英语中大部分形容词都具有这些功能。但也有少数形容词通常只作表语。常见的有afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake, glad, scarce, sorry, sure, worth, unable等。例如:
The child is asleep/sleeping. (作表语)
但是:the sleeping child,不能说*the asleep child(作定语) 注意:
只能作表语的形容词常可作后置定语(相当省略关系代词和系动词的定语从句)如:
Who's the greatest man (that is) alive?
The people (who are) present at the meeting are famous scientists.
The boy (who is) afraid of exams is my brother.
若这些形容词前有修饰语时, 也可放在名词前面作定语, 如:
a fast asleep man, the wide awake chi