文档介绍：不可能把热从低温物体传到高温物体,而不引起其它变化
物理化学电子教案—第三章(上)
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Chapter 3 The second law of thermodynamics
feature of spontaneous change
The second law of thermodynamics
Carnot cycle and Carnot principle
Definition of entropy
Clausius inequality ; principle of
increase of entropy
Calculate the change of entropy
Statistical view of entropy
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The second law of thermodynamics
Direction of change and conditions
in equilibrium
Calculate of G
Relations of thermodynamic functions
Clapeyron equation
The third law and conventional entropy
Helmholtz function and Gibbs function
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feature
Spontaneous change :Some things happen spontaneously, some things don`t.
Common feature —irreversible A gas expands to fill the available volume; it does not spontaneously contract into something smaller.
A hot body cools to the temperature of its surroundings;it does not spontaneously get hotter at their expense.
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What determines the direction of …?
Can the direction of the spontaneous change be related to some aspect of the distribution of energy?
We shall see that this is so. Spontaneous changes are always panied by a reduction in the ‘quality’ of energy,in the sense that it is degraded into a more dispersed, chaotic form.
Spontaneous, natural changes are simply manifestation of the natural tendency of the universe towards greater chaos.
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Clausius statement:“it is impossible for any device to operate in a cycle in such a manner that the sole effect is the transfer of heat from one body to another body at a higher temperature.”
Kelvin-Planck statement:“no process is possible whose sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and the conversion of this heat into work.”
The second perpetual motion machine is no way!
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Measuring dispersal : the entropy
The First Law led to the introduction of the internal ener