文档介绍：Covalent Bonding and Shapes of Molecules
Write the electron configuration corresponding to a neutral atom or to an ion derived from it when given the atomic number of any element between hydrogen and argon in the periodic table.
Describe the difference between ionic and covalent bonding.
State the octet rule and discuss its significance.
Determine the direction of polarization of a covalent bond on the basis of the difference in electronegativity of the atoms that it connects.
Calculate the formal charges on atoms in Lewis structures.
Write the structures anic molecules using condensed structural and bond-line formulas.
Write Lewis structures for constitutionally isomeric substances.
Electronic structure of atoms
Definition:
Organic chemistry: the study of pounds of carbon.
Electronic structure of atoms: an atom posed of a nucleus and electrons surrounding the nucleus. The nucleus is made of neutrons and positively charged protons.
A schematic view of an atom
Electronic structure of atoms
Electrons in an atom are confined in principal energy levels called shells.
Electron shells are identified by the numbers 1, 2, 3, and so on.
Each shell can contain up to 2n2 electrons.
Shells are divided into subshells designated by the letters s, p, d, and f.
Electrons are grouped in orbitals which can hold two electrons.
Orbitals are listed below: 1s, 2s, 2p (2px, 2py, 2pz), 3s, 3p, 3d, etc.
Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
Shapes of 2px, 2py, 2pz atomic orbitals and their orientation in space
Electron Configuration of Atoms
Ground-state electron configuration:
the electron configuration of lowest energy.
Distribution of Orbitals within shells
Rules for determining the ground-state electron configuration of an atom
Orbitals fill in order of increasing energy from lowest to highest.
Each orbital can hold up to two electrons.
When orbitals of equivalent energy are available but there are not enough electrons to fill pletely, then one electron is added