文档介绍：Linguistics' notes
第一周
Chapter 1 Introduction .
1. Definition of language
*Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for munication.
Language is a system.
Language is arbitrary.
Language is vocal.
Language is human-specific.
Design features of language
Arbitrariness 任意性
Productivity 多产性
Duality 双重性
Displacement 移位性
Cultural transmission 文化传播性
Functions of language(Halliday)
The ideational 概念功能 anize language user's experience of the word.
The interpersonal 人际功能 to establish/maintain social relationship.
The textual 语篇功能 anize texts in a coherent and appropriate way.
第二周
Definition of linguistics
*Linguistics studies not any particular language, but it studies languages in general.----general linguistics.
Scientific study of language.
The branches of linguistics
ics语音学--the study of how speech sounds are produced and classified
@研究发音,自然属性,无序地语音
Phonology音系学--the study of how sounds form systems and functions to convey meaning
@研究音间联系,注重功能,有序地语音
--the study of the form off words
@涉及词语地内部组织,研究词语地最小单位-语素
Syntax句法学--the study of how words and phrases bined to form sentences
@研究如何组词成句,
Semantics语义学--the study of meaning(in abstraction)
@研究词语地意义如何在语音中编码
Pragmatics语用学--the study of meaning in context of use
@特定情景中地特定话语地理解和运用
Historical linguistics历史语言学--the study of language change.
Sociolinguistics社会语言学--the study of language with reference to society
Psycholinguistics心理语言学--the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.
Applied linguistics应用语言学--the study of applying linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems.@广义-实践,狭义-教学研究
Some important distinctions in linguistics
Prescriptive vs. Descriptive
Prescriptive规定式--to aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" verbal behaviour.@做规定
Descriptive描写式--to describe and analyze the language people actually use.@写现象
Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive.
Synchronic vs. Diachronic
Synchronic共时--the