文档介绍：&NaomiMandelPreventingDigitalMusicPiracy:TheCarrotortheStick?Thegoalofthisarticleistoascertainthefactorsthatgovernconsumers’willingnesstopirateadigitalproduct,(.,willingnesstopayforthelegalalternative)anddirectmeasures(.,piracypreference).Whethermeasuredindirectlyordirectly,thetendencytopiratedepends,todifferentextents,onthreekeyfactors:positiveincentives(.,improvedfunctionalityofthelegalWebsite),negativeincentives(.,perceivedriskofpiracy),,,positiveincentives,suchasimprovedfunctionality,:music,piracy,willingnesstopay,risktolerancenrecentyears,musicindustrysaleshavedeclinedintheever,thereislittleevidencethattheselawsuitshavedirectlyUnitedStatesbyanaverageof7%peryear,afterpeak-(ConnollyandKrueger2005).Muchofthisdecreasedsomewhatinrecentyears(Wade2004),itissalesdeclinehasbeenattributedtothewidespreaduseofunclearwhetherthisdecreaseisduetothelawsuitsbroughtillegalfile-sharingsites,suchasNapster(introducedinaboutbytheRecordingIndustryAssociationofAmerica1999andshutdownin2000)and,morerecently,Grokster,(RIAA)ortotherecentavailabilityofrich,user-friendly,LimeWire,andMorpheus(Liebowitz2004;PeitzandWael-legalWebsites,suchasiTunesandRealRhapsody,asanbroeck2004).However,essofiTunesandotheralternativetoillegaldownloading(Easley,Michel,andlegalfile-sharingWebsites(Wade2004)seemstoindicateDevaraj2003).Althoughthemusicindustryiscurrentlythatthoughmanyconsumerspiratetheirmusic,aportionofworkingwithfile-panies,suchasGrokster,onsumersarewillingtopayapositiveamounttoconvertfreetradingofdigitalmusictopaidservicesdownloadmusicle