文档介绍：Molecular Evolution
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Outline
Evolutionary Tree Reconstruction
“Out of Africa” hypothesis
Did we evolve from Neanderthals?
Distance Based Phylogeny
Neighbor Joining Algorithm
Additive Phylogeny
Least Squares Distance Phylogeny
UPGMA
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Evolutionary Tree Reconstruction
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Early Evolutionary Studies
Anatomical features were the dominant criteria used to derive evolutionary relationships between species since Darwin till early 1960s
The evolutionary relationships derived from these relatively subjective observations were often inconclusive. Some of them were later proved incorrect
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Evolutionary Trees: DNA-based Approach
1960s: Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling brought reconstructing evolutionary relationships with DNA into the spotlight
In the first few years after Zuckerkandl and Pauling proposed using DNA for evolutionary studies, the possibility of reconstructing evolutionary trees by DNA analysis was hotly debated
Now it is a dominant approach to study evolution.
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Emile Zuckerkandl on human-gorilla evolutionary relationships:
From the point of hemoglobin(血红蛋白) structure, it appears that gorilla is just an abnormal human, or man an abnormal gorilla, and the two species form actually one continuous population.
Emile Zuckerkandl,
Classification and Human Evolution, 1963
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Gaylord Simpson vs. Emile Zuckerkandl:
From the point of hemoglobin structure, it appears that gorilla is just an abnormal human, or man an abnormal gorilla, and the two species form actually one continuous population.
Emile Zuckerkandl,
Classification and Human Evolution, 1963
From any point of view other than that properly specified, that is of course nonsense. What parison really indicate is that hemoglobin is a bad choice and has nothing to tell us about attributes, or indeed tells us a lie.
Gaylord Simpson, Science, 1964
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Who are closer?
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Human-Chimpanzee Spli