文档介绍：被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。
英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。
(1) 被动语态的用法:
A 不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如:A man was killed in the accident.
B 不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如:Rice is also grown in this place.
C 强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如:It was written by Lu Xun.
句式转换
①“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如:
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.
也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如:His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.
②“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,:The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.
③“动词+…+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如:The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.④“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如:
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被动)
定语从句
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。关系词常有3个作用:
①连接作用,引导定语从句。②代替主句中的先行词,甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
注:关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语等,关系副词在从句中作地点状语,时间状语,原因状语等。
1,who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,who作主语指人,whom作宾语指人,that既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略),可以指人也可以指物。
2,Whose 用来指人或物
(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换,指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替)
3,which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,作宾语时可以省略,例如:
(1)Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在从句中作主语)
4,as
as 可以做主语,也可以作宾语,作宾语时一般不省略,指人或者物。常与such as,the same as等短语连用。
5,as与which的区别
①as可以放在句首,而which不行
②as表示主观,which表示客观事实
③as引导非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
关系代词:在句中作主语、宾语或定语
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg:This is the book (which)you want.]
2. 如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
3. 代表物时多用which,但在下列情况中用that而不用which:
先行词是anything, everything, nothing ,