文档介绍：How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education
By
Jack R. Fraenkel and Norman E. Wallen
Chapter 1
The Nature of Research
Ways of knowing
Sensory experience (plete/undependable)
Agreement with others (common knowledge wrong)
Experts’ opinion (they can be mistaken)
Logic/reasoning things out (can be based on false premises)
Why research is of value
Scientific research (using scientific method) is more trustworthy than expert/colleague opinion, intuition, etc.
Chapter 1 - continued
The Nature of Research
Scientific Method (testing ideas in the public arena)
Put guesses (hypotheses) to tests and see how they hold up
All aspects of investigations are public and described in detail so anyone who questions results can repeat study for themselves
Replication is a ponent of scientific method
Chapter 1 - continued
The Nature of Research
Scientific Method (requires freedom of thought and public procedures that can be replicated)
Identify the problem or question
Clarify the problem
Determine information needed and how to obtain it
Organize the information obtained
Interpret the results
All conclusions are tentative and subject to change as new evidence is uncovered (don’t PROVE things)
Chapter 1 - continued
The Nature of Research
Types of Research
Experimental (most conclusive of methods)
Researcher tries different treatments (independent variable) to see their effects (dependent variable)
In simple pare 2 methods and try to control all extraneous variables that might affect e
Need control over assignment to treatment and control groups (to make sure they are equivalent)
Sometimes use single subject research (intensive study of single individual or group over time)
Chapter 1 - continued
The Nature of Research
(Types of Research continued)
Correlational Research
Looks at existing relationships between 2 or more variables to make better predictions
parative Research
Intended to establish cause and effect but cannot assign subjects to trt