文档介绍：语态(voice)是个语法范畴,它是一种动词形式,表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者时,动词用主动语态(Active Voice);如果主语是动作的承受者,动词便用被动语态(Passive Voice)。
We cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我们打扫了教室。
The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我们打扫了。
动词的被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。当主动句变为被动句时,原来的宾语变成了主语,原来的主语变成了介词by 的宾语。主动句与被动句的结构虽然不同,但动作的执行者和承受者的关系并没有改变。
一般现在时: am / is / are done
一般过去时: was / were done
现在进行时: am / is / are being done
过去进行时: was / were being done
现在完成时: have / has been done
过去完成时: had been done
一般将来时: shall / will be done ; be going to be done
当句中含有情态动词时,句子结构为 can / must / have to…be done
He is regarded as a brilliant. 他被认为很有才气。
This book was written in 1969. 这本书是1969年写成的。
The broken bike is being repaired now. 那辆坏了的自行车正在被修理。
He told us the cat was being washed when we called him. 他告诉我们打电话时他正在给猫洗澡。
The pen has been used for several years. 这支钢笔已经用了几年。
He said the factory had been opened . 他说这家工厂已经开张。
The work will be finished in three hours. 工作将于三小时后完成。
The baby must be looked after well. 这孩子必须被好好照顾。
在被动句中有时用by- 词组,有时不用。一般来说,当动作的执行者为谁不甚清楚,不甚重要或难以说出时,通常不用by。但有时为了强调动作执行者或者由于上下和结构上的需要则必须使用 by 词组。例如:
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. 《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚写的。
People speak English almost all over the world. 世界各地都有人讲英语。
当主动句的宾语是that引导的宾语从句,可转换为两种形式的被动句。
English is spoken almost all over the world.
:
(一) 主动句与被动句的转换
People believe that he is an honest boy. 大家认为他是个诚实的孩子。
I gave the book to Mr. Smith yesterday. 昨天我给了史密斯先生一本书。
It is believed that he is an honest boy.
The boy is believed to be an honest one.
The book was given to Mr. Smith yesterday ( by me).
2) 把宾语从句里的主语变成被动句的主语,同时把宾语从句中的谓语变成不定式短语。
1) 用先行的it作形式主语,把宾语从句变成后置的主语从句;
3. 含有介词动词的主动句的转换。
They have never listened to him.
人家从不听他的话。
表示被动意义的主动句:
Cotton feels soft. 棉花摸上去很柔软。
Ripe apples pick easily. 熟了的苹果容易摘下来。
He has never been listened to.
Mr. Smith was given a book yesterday (by me).
语态转换(Give the students some minutes to discuss)
teaches English in our school.