文档介绍：Chapter 12
National e Accounting and the Balance of Payments
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anization
Introduction
The National e Accounts
National e Accounting for an Open Economy
The Balance of Payment Accounts
Summary
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Introduction
Microeconomics
It studies the effective use of scarce resources from the perspective of individual firms and consumers.
Macroeconomics
It studies how economies’ overall levels of employment, production, and growth are determined.
It emphasizes four aspects of economic life:
Unemployment
Saving
Trade imbalances
Money and the price level
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The national e accounts and the balance of payments accounts are essential tools for studying the macroeconomics of open, interdependent economies.
National e accounting
Records all the expenditures that contribute to a country’s e and output
Balance of payments accounting
Helps us keep track of both changes in a country’s indebtedness to foreigners and the fortunes of its export- and peting industries
Introduction
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The National e Accounts
Gross national product (GNP)
The value of all final goods and services produced by a country’s factors of production and sold on the market in a given time period
It is the basic measure of a country’s output.
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GNP is calculated by adding up the market value of all expenditures on final output:
Consumption
The amount consumed by private domestic residents
Investment
The amount put aside by private firms to build new plant and equipment for future production
Government purchases
The amount used by the government
Current account balance
The amount exports of goods and services to foreigners
The National e Accounts
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The National e Accounts
Figure 12-1: . GNP and ponents, 2000
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National Product and National e
National e
It is earned over a period by its factors of production.
It must equal the GNP a country generates over some period of time.
One person’s spending is another’s e (., total spending must equal total e).
The National e Accounts
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Capital Depreciation