文档介绍：Externalities
Externalities
Externalities in production
(a) external costs
Q1
O
MC = S
D
P
Costs and benefits
Quantity
External costs in production
O
MC = S
D
P
MSC
Costs and benefits
Quantity
External cost
Q1
Q2
Social optimum
External costs in production
Externalities
Externalities in production
(b) external benefits
O
D
P
MC = S
Q1
Costs and benefits
Quantity
External benefits in production
O
MSC
D
P
Q1
External benefit
Costs and benefits
Quantity
MC = S
Q2
Social optimum
External benefits in production
O
MC = S
D
P
Q
1
Q
2
Costs and benefits (£)
Quantity
MSC
External cost
(a ) External costs
O
D
P
Q
2
Q
1
Costs and benefits (£)
Quantity
MSC
MC = S
External benefit
(b) External benefits
External costs and benefits in production
Externalities
Externalities in consumption
(a) external costs
Q1
(MB)
MU = D
O
D
P
Costs and benefits
Quantity
External costs in consumption