文档介绍：Ⅰ逻辑基础:
前提如何判断?
because, for, as, due to, on account for, attribute to, by, in view of, given
depend on, rely on, base on, …be responsible for, blame… for
结论如何判断?
therefore, thus, so, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result, for this reason, find, it follows that…, it can be inferred that…
which indicates /demonstrates/shows/suggests/proves/means/implies that…
特殊前提和结论标志
1. 预设前提(前提肯定为真):
know / since / presuppose /presumably
2. 假设(前提或结论真假不知):
assume /hypothesize /posit / postulate
3. 条件句(真假不知)
逻辑推理 reasoning
演绎法:从一般到个别
/ 前提真则结论真
归纳法:从个别到一般/ 从个别到个别
/ 前提真结论不一定真
假说演绎:
已知-- 假想(实验/研究)-- 证明或证伪–解释差异
文章中的逻辑推理(画每篇文章的逻辑图)
论题 topic
论点(结论) conclusion
论据(前提) premise
论证(逻辑推理)reasoning
论题如何判断?
1. 位置:注意开头句(或开头段)
2. 特点:事实陈述(讲个故事/提个人/讲个现象/提个问题)/ 解释个概念/ 老观点
3. 有时论题和论点合一
区分全文主论点/从论点/分论点
Ⅱ快速阅读:
预判出题点
因果关系
举例论证
让步转折
比较关系
判断句
判断句
1. 注意系动词
2. 情态动词:
can,cannot,may, might
3. 感情色彩词:
adj., adv.,v., n.
4. 假言判断(条件句)
充分条件标志:
if/when/provided/whenever/if only/every/all/any/in order to/to
必要条件标志:
then/only/only if/must/have to/necessary/ require/ no, none(在句子开头)
unless/except/until/without
举例论证
关键是确定论点位置
believe/claim/argue/maintain/insist /assert/ hold/ contend/emphasize/make the point
be challenged / discredited/ undermined / obscured
列举:多个例子(a, b, and c)
让步转折
让步:虽然/尽管/诚然/的确/确实/似乎
转折:
unfortunately
but, yet,however
in reality, actually,in fact
nevertheless, heless
instead
比较关系
比较级(no)more/less¡­¡­.than
类比as¡­.as, the same as, similar to /parallel,analogous /share / both / common
对比 in contrast / be opposed to/ difference/respectively/ distinction / disparate / without / avoid
时间对比
其它
平行关系词:first, second, moreover
唯一性:only, sole(ly), unique(ly), exclusive(ly), alone
强调词:notably, surprisingly, especially/频率最高级(always, never), 程度最高级(foremost, uttermost)/ one feature, key characteristic
矛盾词:paradoxically, ironically, illogically,oddly,curiously
标点符号: 引号,破折号,冒号, 括号
专有名词:人名, 物种,化学物质
详略分配
出题点详