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Geriatric Medicine
An Evidence-Based Approach
Fourth Edition
With 186 Illustrations in 217 Parts, 8 in Full Color
Editor
Christine K. Cassel, MD
Professor and Dean, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon
Deputy Editor
Rosanne M. Leipzig, MD, PhD
Vice-Chair for Education, Gerald and May Ellen Ritter Professor of Geriatrics, Brookdale Department
of Geriatrics and Adult Development, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
Associate Editors
Harvey Jay Cohen, MD
Director, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, and Chief, Geriatrics Division, Duke
University Medical Center; Director, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans
Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
Eric B. Larson, MD, MPH
Director, Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperatives; Professor of Medicine, University of
Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
Diane E. Meier, MD
Director, Hertzberg Palliative Care Institute; Catherine Gaisman Professor of Medical Ethics; Professor,
Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Adult Development, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York,
New York
Managing Editor
Carol F. Capello, PhD
Assistant Professor of Geriatric Education, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Weill Medical
College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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Christine K. Cassel, MD, Professor and Dean, Oregon Health & Science University,
School of Medicine, Portland, OR, 97201-3098, USA
Rosanne M. Leipzig, MD, PhD, Vice-Chair for Education, Gerald and May Ellen
Ritter Professor of Geriatrics, Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Adult Devel-
opment, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
Harvey Jay Cohen, Director, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development,
and Chief, Geriatrics Division, Duke University Medical Center; Director, Geriatric
Research, Education, and Clinical C