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The World is Flat
Thomas L Friedman
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To Matt and Kay and to Ron
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Contents
How the World Became Flat
One: While I Was Sleeping / 3
Two: The Ten Forces That Flattened the World / 48
Flattener#l. 11/9/89
Flattener #2. 8/9/95
Flattener #3. Work Flow Software
Flattener #4. Open-Sourcing
Flattener #5. Outsourcing
Flattener #6. Offshoring
Flattener #7. Supply-Chaining
Flattener #8. Insourcing
Flattener #9. In-forming
Flattener #10.
The Steroids Three: The Triple Convergence / 173
Four: The Great Sorting Out / 201
America and the Flat World
Five: America and Free Trade / 225
Six: The Untouchables / 237
Seven: The Quiet Crisis / 250
Eight: This Is Not a Test / 276
Developing Countries and the Flat World
Nine: The Virgin of Guadalupe / 309
Companies and the Flat World
Geopolitics and the Flat World
Eleven: The Unflat World / 371
Twelve: The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention / 414
Conclusion: Imagination
Thirteen: 11/9 Versus 9/11 / 441
Acknowledgments I 471 Index I 475
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:::::How the World Became Flat
::::: ONE
While I Was Sleeping
Your Highnesses, as Catholic Christians, and princes who love and promote the holy
Christian faith, and are enemies of the doctrine of Mahomet, and of all idolatry and
heresy, determined to send me, Christopher Columbus, to the above-mentioned countries
of India, to see the said princes, people, and territories, and to learn their
disposition and the proper method of converting them to our holy faith; and
furthermore directed that I should not proceed by land to the East, as is customary,
but by a Westerly route, in which direction we have hitherto no certain evidence that
anyone has gone.
- Entry from the journal of Christopher Columbus on his voyage of 1492
No one ever gave me directions like this on a golf course before: "Aim at either
Microsoft or IBM." I was standing on the first tee at the KGA Golf Club in