文档介绍：CHAPTER 1
Chemistry and Chemical
Technology
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. Organic chemistry 3
. The chemical bond 3
. Bonding in carbon-based systems 4
3. Chemical engineering 7
. Conservation of mass 8
. Conservation of energy 9
. Conservation of momentum 9
4. Chemical technology 9
. Historical aspects 10
. Technology and human culture 11
5. Hydrocarbons 13
. Bonding in hydrocarbons 15
. Nomenclature of hydrocarbons 16
. Alkanes 16
. Alkenes 18
. Alkynes 19
. Cycloalkanes 19
. Aromatic hydrocarbons 20
. Isomers 24
6. Non-hydrocarbons 25
. Alcohols 26
. Ethers 27
. Aldehydes 27
. Ketones 28
. Organic acids 28
. Esters 28
. Amines 29
. Alkyl halides 30
. Amides 30
7. Properties of hydrocarbons 31
. Density 33
. Heat bustion (energy content) 34
. Volatility, flammability, and explosive properties 35
. Behavior 37
Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc.
ISBN 978-0-7506-8632-7, doi:-0-7506-8632--5 All rights reserved. 1j
2 Chemistry and Chemical Technology
. Liquefied natural gas 38
. Environmental properties 39
References 41
1. INTRODUCTION
Chemistry (from the Arabic al khymia) is the science of matter and is
concerned with position, behavior, structure, and properties of
matter, as well as the changes matter undergoes during chemical reactions.
Chemistry is a physical science and is used for the investigation of atoms,
molecules, crystals, and other assemblages of matter, whether in isolation or
combination, which incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in
relation to the spontaneity or initiation of chemical reactions or chemical
processes.
Disciplines within chemistry are traditionally grouped by the type of
matter being studied or the kind of study and include (alphabetically): (1)
analytical chemistry, which is the analysis of mat