文档介绍：An Introduction puter Science 计算机科学引论 XIANG , Hui 向辉 Shandong University Chapter 11: Artificial puter Science: An Overview Tenth Edition by J. Glenn Brookshear 3 Chapter 11: Artificial Intelligence ? Intelligence and Machines ? Perception ? Reasoning ? Additional Areas of Research ? Artificial works ? Robotics ? Considering the Consequences 4 What is artificial intelligence? ? Although there is no universally-agreed definition of artificial intelligence, we accept the following definition that matches the topics covered here ? Artificial intelligence is the study of programmed systems that can simulate, to some extent, human activities such as perceiving, thinking, learning and acting. 5 A brief history of artificial intelligence ? Although artificial intelligence as an independent field of study is relatively new, it has some roots in the past. ? We can say that it started 2,400 years ago when the Greek philosopher Aristotle invented the concept of logical reasoning. ? The effort to finalize the language of logic continued with Leibniz and Newton. ? e Boole developed Boolean algebra in the eenth century that laid the foundation puter circuits. ? However, the main idea of a thinking machine came from Alan Turing, who proposed the Turing test. ? The term “ artificial intelligence ” was first coined by John McCarthy in 1956. 6 Intelligent Agents ? Agent: A “ device ” that responds to stimuli from its environment ? Sensors ? Actuators ? Much of the research in artificial intelligence can be viewed in the context of building agents that behave intelligently 7 Levels of Intelligent Behavior ? Reflex: actions are predetermined responses to the input data ? More intelligent behavior requires knowledge of the environment and involves such activities as: ? Goal seeking ? Learning: procedural vs declarative knowledge 8 Figure The eight-puzzle in its solved configuration 9 Figure Our puz