文档介绍：The Versatile Integrator of Surface and Atmosphere processes Part 1. Model description Zong-Liang Yang *, Guo-Yue Niu Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1101, USA Received 30 November 2001; received in revised form 4 February 2002; accepted 31 May 2002 Abstract This paper describes an integration of recent new developments in snow, runoff and vegetation growth into the National Center for Atmospheric Research Land Surface Model (NCAR LSM). The new model, referred to as the Versatile Integrator of Surface and Atmosphere processes (VISA), has been validated with observed data. The results have demonstrated that the NCAR LSM, after integrating with these new developments, produces improved simulations of snow and runoff over the baseline version, and has an added capability to simulate the dynamics of leaf area index (LAI). Moreover, VISA, through its integration of new schemes, is not only important for studying land–atmosphere interactions in its own right, but also useful for helping interpret results from a parallel modeling activity—munity Land Model (CLM) project. D2003 Elsevier Science . All rights reserved. Keywords: VISA; Snow; Runoff 1. Introduction During the past decade, much progress has been made in representing processes of snow (Loth et al., 1993; Lynch-Stieglitz, 1994; Dai and Zeng, 1997; Sun et al., 1999) , runoff (Famiglietti et al., 1992; Stieglitz et al., 1997; Chen and Kumar, 2001) , and vegetation growth (Foley et al., 1998; Dickinson et al., 1998) in land-surface parameterization schemes. However, a great deal of attention has been focused on ponent within one land-surface parameterization scheme at a time. If each of these individual process- based representations is robust, all should be incorpo- rated into a widely used, state-of-the-art land-surface parameterization scheme, and the performance should be evaluated with observations. Such integration and evaluation are critical for unde