非谓语动词.doc

文档介绍：非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
否定式
句法功能
一般式
进行式
完成式
一般式
完成式
前面直接加not
主
宾
表
定
状
补
to do
to be doing
to have done
to be done
to have been done
√
√
√
√
√
√
动词ing
doing
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having done
being done
having been done
√
√
√
√
√
√
过去分词
  done vt.(被动完成) risen vi (主动完成)
√
√
√
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注：1. 动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行；进行式所表示的动作正在进行；而完成式所表示的动作则在谓语动词的动作之前发生。
2. 动词ing的一般式所表示的动作在谓语动词之前、后或同时进行要看语境；而完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生。
He came here to borrow a book.
I pretended to be reading when mother came in.
She is said to have been sent to Europe on business.
Being a student, he was interested in books.
Having done his homework, he went to bed.
The question being discussed is important.
一．不定式和-ing形式作主语的区别
1. -ing和不定式都可以作主语，-ing作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的将来动作。
Smoking is forbidden here．这里禁止抽烟。（抽象）
Learning a foreign language is very useful.
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。（具体）

不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
常见句型有it is adj. (of/for sb.) to do sth.
It took will and patience to do anything well.
It is nice of you to say so.
3. -ing在 “It is no use/ no good/useless + doing” 结构中作主语，it为形式主语。
It is no good writing to him; he never answers ，他从来不回信。
It is no good crying the spilt
4. 主表对称原则 Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.
二．不定式和ing形式作宾语的区别
1. -ing形式作宾语