文档介绍：Leonardo da Vinci programme
mission
Writing in English
A Practical Handbook for Scientific and Technical
Writers
A Pilot Project
Project Partners
Zuzana Svobodova, Technical University Brno, Czech Republic
Heidrun Katzorke and Ursula Jaekel, Technische Universität, Chemnitz, Germany
Stefania Dugovicova and Mike Scoggin, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
Peter Treacher, ELT Centre, University of Essex, England
Writing in English
A Practical Handbook for Scientific and Technical Writers
CONTENTS
Page No. Page No.
Foreword
1 Types of Writing 4 Language functions
Scientific Articles 1 Agreeing and Disagreeing 35
Research Papers 2 Classifying 36
Proposals 3 and Contrasting 37
Defining 39
position Emphasising 41
Titles 5 Generalising 43
Planning your Writing 6 Paraphrasing 45
Paragraph Writing 7 Quoting 47
Introductions 9
Writing the Main Body 12 5 Grammar
Conclusions 14 Adverbs 51
Sections of a Research Articles 53
Paper 17
Numbers 56
Describing Tables and
Passive Voice 56
Graphs 18
Punctuation 58
Referencing 19
Verb Tenses 62
Plagiarism 21
Word Order 65
Abstracts 21
Summary Writing 24
6 Words
3 Style
Abbreviations 67
Objectivity 27
Prefixes 68
Clarity 28
Suffixes 70
Formality 29
Hedging 29
Signposting 31
Foreword
No science stands alone. If research done, findings found, conclusions drawn are
not presented to the world then it is arguable whether they are of any real use at
all. The reason for the research paper is to present the findings to the world, to
share the information learned for others to do with it what they will. Why the
research was originally conducted is of interest, but the