文档介绍：细胞凋亡和细胞自噬
Outline
1. History of apoptosis research
2. Characterization of apoptosis
3. Physiological Significances
4. Apoptosis Signaling Pathways
5. Regulation of Apoptosis
6. Apoptosis and Autophagy
第一节凋亡的研究历史
1842 Carl Voget
Initial observation that cell death in part of normal development
1972 Kerr, Wyllie and Currie-
- introduced term ‘apoptosis’ to describe cell death with a set of
common morphological features
- Cell deletion was controlled under physiological conditions in
adults
- Deregulation could lead to many diseases
- Morphologically identical to developmental CD and distinct
from accidental cell death
1980 Wyllie
Biochemical changes in apoptotic morphology:
- DNA fragmentation
-Requires expression of death genes
1988 Bcl-2 was found to be anti-apoptotic
1991 ced genes were identified in C. elegan
1992 Fas/APO-1/CD95 was identified
1993 A role of p53 in regulation of apoptosis was described
Fas ligand was identified
ICE was found to be homolog of ced-3 in mammalian
IAPs were identified
1994 The role of mitochondria during apoptosis
1996 The role of caspases during apoptosis
Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria during apoptosis was
discovered
1997 Apafs were identified
Nobel Prize 2002 in Physiology and Medicine
Sydney Brenner John E. Sulston Robert H. Horvitz
for their discoveries concerning
"genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death"
“Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans”
“You can observe a lot by watching.” Y. Berra
第二节凋亡细胞的特征
凋亡(apoptosis)的形态学特征为染色质凝集、边缘化，细胞皱缩，细胞膜内侧的磷脂酰丝氨酸外翻，细胞出泡形成凋亡小体。细胞凋亡受到一系列相关基因的严格调控。
程序性细胞死亡（programmed cell death，PCD），即是指细胞在一定的生理或病理条件下，遵循自身的程序，主动结束其生命的过程，这种死亡由基因决定的。大多数程序性细胞