文档介绍：Reformation and Reformation and Counter-reformation Counter-reformation 1. What is reformaiton? 1. What is reformaiton? Reformation Reformation The Reformation was a 16th century religious The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political ( movement as well as a socio-political ( 社会政治社会政治) ) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg ( Wittenberg ( 威丁堡大学威丁堡大学) his 95 thesis ( ) his 95 thesis ( 论纲论纲). This ). This movement which swept over the whole of Europe movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority ( was aimed at opposing the absolute authority ( 权权威威) of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it ) of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. Bible into their mother tongues. 宗教改革的实质是: 宗教改革的实质是: 反对罗马天主教,直接形式是用母语翻译圣经反对罗马天主教,直接形式是用母语翻译圣经 What are the demands of the What are the demands of the reformists? reformists? Demand of the reformists Demand of the reformists : : Simplifying rituals Simplifying rituals Abolishing heavy taxes & indulgences Abolishing heavy taxes & indulgences Institutional reform of the Church Institutional reform of the Church Making Bible accissible to mon folks Making Bible accissible to mon folks Liberating national economy and politics from Liberating national economy and politics from Roman Catholic church Roman Catholic church Carry out wars in the interests of the peasants and Carry out wars in the interests of the peasants and revolution in the interests of the bourgeoisie. revolution in the interests of the bourgeoisie. Who started Reformation?