文档介绍：Growth & development
一、Definition
Growth:volume increasing of body & organs
Development:tissues & organs functional maturation, that is the concept of ongoing change and maturation
Child development passes all aspects of pediatrics.
It applies to somatic, psychological, and cognitive growth and to behavior
二、Growth and development patterns
Continuity and phase process
Continuous process
Varies in different phase (two peak): at infancy; at puberty
Imbalance
Brain growth: rapid in the first 6 years of life
Lymphoid tissue: increases rapidly before puberty and then declines
The ans: remains slow until puberty
General developmental pattern
From top to bottom
From near to far
From crude to fine
From unadvanced to advanced
From simple plex
Individual variations
Fig. Postnatal growth curves of four an systems. All values are calculated in terms of size attained at 20 years.
Body ratio change
Development rules:
From top to bottom
From near to far
nearby to peripheral
三、Determinants of growth and development
Heredity: the most important factors
Environmental factors
can be improved potentially
Nutrition: important factors at childhood, the smaller the
children’s age, the more important
Diseases: factor that can not be neglected
Seasonality: growth rate varied during the four seasons
Hormone: plex system
四、Physical growth
Index mon use
Weight
Length/Height
Sitting height
Head circumference
Chest circumference
Upper arm circumference
(一)Weight: basic index
Defined as the summed weight of body’s parts, including skeleton, muscle, organs, bowel, fat, and water etc.
Measurement: The child was weighed undressed on a calibrated balance scale to the nearest kg.
Typical patterns of WT gain
3 -12 mo: [age (mo) + 9]/2 (kg)
1 - 6 yrs: age (yr)×2 + 8 (kg)
7 -12 yrs: [age(yr)×7 -5]/2