文档介绍：CHAPTER 13
BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS
抗病虫育种
BY
Niu Yingze
(牛应泽)
Dept. of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering
§1 The Significance of Breeding for Resistance to Diseases and Insect Pests 抗病虫育种的意义
Resistance of Crops to Diseases and Insect Pests
Disease and pest damages are popular in Crop Production
Major Diseases in the main crops:
Rice blast 稻瘟病
Maize leaf blight 玉米叶班病
Wheat rusts 小麦锈病
Rape stem rot 油菜茎腐病(菌核病)
Important Insect Pests:
Rice straw borer 稻螟
Maize straw borer 玉米螟
Wheat aphids 麦蚜
Cotton ball borer 棉铃虫
Main kinds of pathogens in crops
Fungi 真菌; bacteria 细菌; viruses 病毒;
viroids 类病毒; nematodes 线虫
large numbers of insect pests 害虫
They are generally called biotic stresses or pests of plants
(3) The Huge Loss of Yield in Crops Due to Diseases and Pests
1840-1845: Potato late blight in Ireland
1970: Epidemic of maize leaf blight in USA
1950: Wheat yellow rust in China
Whole World: 28-36billion USD in total
23-30 billion USD in Disease loss
Leistinger, 1998, Loss per year in rice: 40mil. Tons by fungal diseases; 26mil. Tons by insects; 10mil. Tons by viruses)
In China: 10-20% of the total yield of production
Breeding for resistant varieties is the:
Safest
Most efficient
Most economical
measure to control plant diseases and pests.
§2 The Pathogenecity of Pathogens and the Resist-ance of Plants 病原物的致病性和植物的抗病性
The Variation of Pathogenecity in Pathogens
(1)Pathogenecity 致病性
= Virulence 毒性+ Agressiveness 浸袭力
Specific pathogenecity 专化致病性(寄生性病原物)
Non-specific pathogenecity 非专化致病性(腐生物)
(2) Physiological races (biotypes):生理小种(型)
The pathogens differentiated from the same disease, with the same morphology, but different virulence to different varieties of the host plants.
Physiological races are:
Variety-specific (Cultivar-specific):品种专化性
Differentiations of highly parasitic pathogens 高度专性寄生物具有的分化
ically controlled in pathogenecity
Frequently changing position (with prevalent races 优势小种)
2 The Resistance