文档介绍：Lecture Three Linguistic elements in discourse.
Cohesion( 形合法,衔接、文脉): reference , substitution,ellipsis,conjunction and lexical cohesion
They are text-forming are words and phrases which enable the writer or speaker to establish relationships across sentences or utterances boundaries,and which help to tie the sentence in a text together. the pr4ehensive description and analysis of these devices is to be found in Halliday and Hasan(1976).They found five different types of cohesion:reference,substitutuin,ellipsis,conjunction and lexical cohesion.
14.) referential cohesion: referring expressions
anaphoric and cataphoric reference ---These are words whose meaning can only be discovered by referring to other words or to elements of the context which are clear to both sender and receiver
The most obvious example of them is third person pronouns (she/her/herself;he/him/himself;itself/its/it;they/them/their/theirs/themselves.
The following passage needs them where you think they should be. Them 和they靠 mas 去理解。因此,是一种衔接现象。
The schoolmaster was leaving the village, and everybody seemed miller at Cressombe lent him the small white tilted cart and horse to carry his goods to the city of his destination, about twenty miles , such a vehicle proving of quite sufficient size for the departing teacher's effects.
剧种的斜体字都市指称词,它们有一定的所指对象,这些对象可以在上文或下文中找到。也可以在与作者和读者的共有知识中。
Martin Scorsese is killing time,waiting for the sun to go behind a cloud so the nest shot will match the last is near the end of the cape Fear shoot,in front of a grocers stand just outside Fort him are Nick Nolte,Jessica Lange and Juliette Zleweis,playing a married couple and their daughter fleeing from a psycho. Scorseses hand rarely leaves the side pocket of his custom-made jeans,where he works his watch chain like worry beads. He used to have Armani make his jeans but he felt guilty wearing them.
Personal cohesion :personal reference,demonstra