文档介绍：第1章绪论
汉英翻译的标准
汉英翻译的过程
汉英翻译对译者素养的要求
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汉英翻译的标准(criteria)
for translation
Criteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.
1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则).
Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.
. 他是只纸老虎
He is a paper tiger.
这事让他丢脸
This makes him lose face.
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it rains cats and dogs (?)
the Milky Way (?)
the apple of one’s eye (?)
2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则)
Liberal / free translation:
.: What is done is done.
木已成舟
Kicking a man when he is down.
打落水狗/落井下石
Literal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptation for the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.
三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮
Two heads are better than one.
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3) Author- and – reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则)
Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.
18世纪英国爱丁堡大学教授，翻译理论家泰特勒(Alexander F. Tytler)提出的三条翻译基本原理：
1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.
3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
玄奘: 既须求真又须喻俗
严复: (《天演论》卷首的《译例言》)　“信、达、雅”　( faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance )
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Yan Fu’s “faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or thought.
His “expressiveness” demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical