文档介绍：Cognitive Psychology
Thinking
2007-12-10 1
About Thinking
Concept
– Concept formation
– Theories of concept structure
Problem solving
– Representation of problem
– Strategies in problem-solving
Reasoning
– Inductive and deductive
– Decision-making
Creativity
– Convergent and divergent
2007-12-10 2
Introduction
Thinking
–人脑对客观事物的本质与规律的间接的概括
的反映(《心理学导论》,黄希庭)。
– A process by which a new mental representation
is formed through the transformation of
information plex interaction of the
mental attributes of judging, abstracting,
reasoning, imagining, and problem-solving.
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Concept formation
Concept
– A unit of thought. The semantic content of a concept can
be re-expressed by bination of other and different
concepts, which may vary from one language or culture
to another.
– Difference between concept and word (vocabulary)
Concept formation
– Concept learning
– Refers to the discernment of the mon to a
class of objects or ideas.
2007-12-10 4
Hypothesis testing
Associationism
– A bond will be formed between two events as
those events are repeatedly presented together.
Hypothesis testing
– Selection of a hypothesis or a strategy from the
hypothesis bank
– ess-ongoing
– Failure-changing
2007-12-10 5
Experimental evidence
Artificial concept formation (Bruner,
Goodnow, & Austin, 1956)
– Attainment of criterion (rule)
– Strategies
• Simultaneous scanning
• essive scanning
• Conservative focusing
• Focus gambling
2007-12-10 6
Research materials
2007-12-10 7
Analysis of strategies
策略名称同时性扫瞄继时性扫瞄保守性聚集冒险性聚集
根据第一个肯定根据第一个肯定以第一个肯定样以第一个肯定样
策
样例的部分属性样例的部分属性例的全部属性为例的全部属性为
略
形成多个假设, 形成一个假设, 焦点,每次形成焦点,每次只形
含
然后再根据某一每一次只检验一一个假设,但所成一个假设,但
义
假设的反馈同时个假设选样例只改变焦所选样例改变了
检验其它假设点的一个属性焦点的多个属性
特增大工作记忆负记忆负担小,时记忆负担小,信风险大,可能速
点担,实际不可行间长,不经济息量大,相对容度快
易
举假设:单边框; 假设:单边框焦点:单双红圆焦点:单双红圆
例双图形;红色; 问:单单红圆( 假设:边框有关假设:三个无关
说圆形否) 问:双双红圆( 问:单单绿