文档介绍：Foundations of Planning
Chapter 7
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
What Is Planning?
Define planning.
Differentiate between formal and informal planning.
Describe the purposes of planning.
Discuss the conclusions from studies of the relationship between planning and performance.
How Do Managers Plan?
Define goals and plans.
Describe the types of goals organizations might have.
Explain why it’s important to know an organization’s stated and real goals.
Describe each of the different types of plans.
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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Establishing Goals and Developing Plans
Discuss how traditional goal setting works.
Explain the concept of the means–end chain.
Describe the management by objective (MBO) approach.
Describe the characteristics of well-designed goals.
Explain the steps in setting goals.
Discuss the contingency factors that affect planning.
Describe the approaches to planning.
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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Contemporary Issues in Planning
Explain the criticisms of planning and whether they’re valid.
Describe how managers can effectively plan in today’s dynamic environment.
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What Is Planning?
Planning
A primary managerial activity that involves:
Defining the organization’s goals
Establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals
Developing plans for organizational work activities.
Types of planning
Informal: not written down, short-term focus; specific to an organizational unit.
Formal: written, specific, and long-term focus, involves shared goals for the organization.
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Why Do Managers Plan?
Purposes of Planning
Provides direction
Reduces uncertainty
Minimizes waste and redundancy
Sets the standards for controlling
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Planning and Performance
The Relationship Between Planning And Performance
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