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摘要
制造业是一个国家发展的基石,是一个国家竞争力的基础,是工业化之母,作为正处于工业化时期的中国,制造业更是我们的脊梁产业。中国制造业发展从建国以来一直以比较优势理论为指导,大力发展劳动密集型产业,硕果累累。中国的纺织业、服装、鞋、帽制造业、家具、塑料制造业等劳动密集型产业发展迅速,成为中国出口的主导产业。
随着知识经济的兴起和经济全球化的推进,中国制造业的比较优势面临挑战,呈现出不适性:传统比较优势日益下降,贸易条件逐渐恶化,比较优势本土效应弱化,技术进步缓慢……。就其原因在于,比较优势理论注重于资源禀赋的静态利益获得,忽略了产业结构调整、技术进步和制度创新等动态贸易利益。
迈克尔·波特于20世纪80年代提出了竞争优势理论。该理论强调动态的优势和各国在获得竞争优势方面的主观能动性,主张竞争优势不是靠继承或既定的,而是取决于创新机制和积极竞争。它更强调非价格竞争,更注重要素的质量及产品市场的需求档次,它强调一的竞争环境,促进国内竞争以提升产品质量和档次,增强产品的国际竞争力。
竞争优势理论正是符合指导当前中国制造业发展的必然选择,制造业实现从比较优势向竞争优势的发展,符合经济发展规律。本文笔者首先从中国制造业的现状分析入手,研究制造业的比较优势以及存在比较优势的原因,通过“贸易竞争指数”定量分析中国制造业的比较优势体现在劳动密集型产业上;其后,笔者按照波特的钻石体系定性地研究中国制造业的竞争优势,再采用全员劳动生产率、销售收入、和总资产贡献率三个指标定量分析制造业中的28个行业的竞争优势,并把28个行业按竞争力强弱分成优势产业、均势产业和劣势产业;随着中国经济发展,劳动力成本也逐渐上升,经济全球化使得中国劳动力资源不再是中国独有的比较优势,中国制造业如果一直按照比较优势发展的思路可能会陷入“比较优势陷阱”,为了使中国制造业能进一步发展,势必从比较优势向竞争优势转变;最后针对优势产业、均势产业及劣势产业分别提出具体提升竞争优势的策略。衷心希望本文所做的工作能对我国制造业的发展提供一些细微的参考。
关键词:中国制造业,比较优势,竞争优势,优势产业,均势产业,劣势产业
ABSTRACT
Manufacturing provides a solid foundation petence and industrialization of a country. China, in her process of industrialization, needs this backbone of development more eagerly. Since the Founding of new China, manufacturing has been constantly developing and gained great ess under the guidance of parative Advantage Theories. China, as a developing country, has the advantage in labor resources and labor intensive industry over other developed countries’. Thus China benefits a lot from her diligent investment in labor intensive industries which have been china’s leading export industries, such as textile, clothing, shoemaking, furnishings and plastic.
However, this Chinese-parative advantage in manufacturing appears more and more inadaptable under the force of emerging knowledge economy and economic globalization. The parative advantage is declining and trade terms are worsening. The localization effect is weakening and technology is progressing slowly. The real reason is that static interest from source gift is overstressed and the dyn