文档介绍：Second Language Acquisition
Five hypotheses about second language acquisition
acquisition-learning distinction
input hypothesis
monitor hypothesis
affective Filter hypothesis
natural order hypothesis
1)Acquisition vs. Learning
The American SLA scholar Stephen Krashen makes the distinction between acquisition and learning. Krashen holds that language acquisition is a subconscious process to acquire a language in natural settings, while language learning is a conscious process to obtain a language in school settings.
Children obtain their mother tongue not through conscious learning, but the second language, though it can be acquired in appropriate linguistic context, is usually obtained in non-natural environment through formal instruction and conscious learning.
Tough Movement rule
John is easy to please.
John is eager to please.
Move the infinitive after the “tough” words to the position immediately before the subject.
To please John is easy.
Across the field, we walked,carrying heavy equipment.
We walked across the field, carrying heavy equipment.
They didn’t walk across the field, carrying heavy equipment.
Across the field, they didn’t walk,
carrying heavy equipment.
在否定句中,across引导的方向或目标附加状语往往是否定的焦点,通常不跳出否定结构范围之外。
在否定句中,towards引导的方向或目标附加状语往往是否定的焦点,通常都不跳出否定结构范围之外。
In learning, specific grammatical rules are taught to the students.
The soldiers didn’t march
towards the fort.
*Towards the fort,
the soldiers didn’t march.