文档介绍：正文的写作技巧
学术论文的主体部分由引言、正文和结论构成。正文部分包括方法、结果与讨论。由于学术论文所涉及的学科、范围广泛,即使在同一学科领域内,由于选题、研究方法、工作进程不同,正文部分的内容也不尽相同,写作方法也就不存在统一的规定或一成不变的模式。所以,本章只着重介绍写正文部分时一些较为典型的语言现象,希望读者能够从中寻求到一般规律。
描述研究方法
研究方法(Method)部分主要内容包括:
(1)研究工作具备的基本前提或条件,如实验材料、实验场所、设备器材等。
(2)采样、实验、获取数据,并对数据进行技术处理的方法与过程。
(3)理论分析,包括理论依据、基本原理、公式推导、数理模型等。
采样与实验过程,要根据先后顺序或步骤进行描述。例1选自描述对千屈莱这种植物生长的采样与实验过程。
例l
Materials and Methods
[1] In August 1994,entire purple loosestrife(千屈莱)plants were harvested from three habitats(生长环境):1) an upland old field in the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area in north-eastern Ohio (n=5);2) a shallow ditch along Route 261 in Kent, OH (n = 10); and 3) the western shoreline of East Twin Lake, Portage County, OH (n = 6). These sites represent habitats which are never inundated(淹没) with water, are periodically inundated, or have saturated(浸透) soils, respectively. [2]Shoot sections (嫩枝条)of 5, 10, and 15 cm lengths were cut from these plants and positioned in f
lats(平地) containing a soil mixture of perlite (珍珠岩), vermiculite ( 蛭岩), and peatmoss (苔泥炭) ( 1:1:1). The flats were maintained in the Department of Biological Sciences' greenhouse where they experienced ambient meteorological conditions except for 6 seconds of mist every 3. 5 minutes between 8: 00 and 20: 00 hours daily. Shoot sections and attached leaves were examined at weekly intervals for pigment (色质) and tissue changes as well as for development of lateral shoots. After 26~28 days the sections were rinsed to remove adherent material and dried at room temperature (approximately 22℃) for a week. The adventitious roots from each section were removed with needle-nose forceps, dried at 60℃ for 24 hours, and then weighed to determine dry biomass. One lake site 5-cm section was lost during processing.
分析:
此部分严格按照时间顺序描述实验过程。第1段描述采样的时间、试样的来源与数量。名叫“千屈莱”的试样来自三个地带,分别代表三种生长环境。试样的数量分别是5、10、6棵。第2段首先描述实验基地,及其环境与条件。然后客观描述实验的详细过程与步骤。描述某一研究方法时,要考虑读者是否了解此方法。如果不了解,描述便需要详细一些。这一点在农、林、医学、教育、社会科学、环境科学等领域尤为突出。例2中的选段描述的是一个关于生活用水和农业用水质量